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Animal Physiology Blood

Animal Physiology Blood. What is blood?. Hemolymph vs blood. Open circulatory system has hemolymph. Closed circulatory system Contains blood. Major Functions of Blood. Gas Transport Nutrient Transport Waste Transport Transport Chemical Signals Transport Heat

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Animal Physiology Blood

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  1. Animal PhysiologyBlood

  2. What is blood? • Hemolymph vs blood Open circulatory system has hemolymph Closed circulatory system Contains blood

  3. Major Functions of Blood • Gas Transport • Nutrient Transport • Waste Transport • Transport Chemical Signals • Transport Heat • Generate hydraulic force (e.g., spider legs) • Coagulation

  4. Composition of Blood • Plasma • 55% of total blood volume • 90% water • 7-8% soluble proteins; albumins -1-2% electrolytes, dissolved ions -1-2% transported materials; nutrients, metabolic intermediates, gases, hormones

  5. Composition of Blood • Cellular Components • Erythrocytes (red blood cells) (4.7-5.2M/mm3) • Leucocytes (white blood cells) (5-7k/mm3)

  6. Viewed another way…

  7. Gas Transport • Why not just use water? • Binding pigments increase oxygen carrying capacity 0.2 ml O2 in 100 ml blood = 2 ml O2/l vs 20.0 ml HbO2 in 100 ml blood = 200 ml HbO2/l

  8. Hemoglobin • 4 globulin subunits, each with a heme group • Globulin subunits in adult human hemoglobin have 2a +2b; fetal human hemoglobin has two a and two g subunits • Can be either erythrocytic or in plasma

  9. Other Binding Proteins • Chlorocurorin – green in dilute solution, globin and iron/porphyrin ring – found in marine annelids • Hemocyanin – blue when oxygenated, protein and copper – found in some arthropods and mollusks • Hemerythrin – violet-pink when oxygenated – iron bound directly to protein (no porphyrin ring) – found in sipunculids, priapulids, brachiopods and one family of marine annelids

  10. Gas Transport – different respiratory pigments

  11. Sizes of Pigments Intracellular vs Extracellular

  12. Blood Binding • Cooperative binding • What is pO2? • How do you make these curves, anyway?

  13. Affinity varies among species

  14. Factors that affect binding • Bohr Effect (CO2 lowers O2 affinity)

  15. Bohr effect varies among species

  16. Factors that affect binding • Root effect (CO2 depresses O2 saturation levels in some species)

  17. Factors that affect binding • Organic phosphates reduce O2 affinity • 2,3-diphosphoglycerate (DPG) in mammals • Inositol phosphate in birds • Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) or guanosine triphosphate (GTP) in fish • Significant in fetal development and acute response to changes in oxygen partial pressure (e.g., altitude)

  18. Blood also facilitates CO2 transport

  19. Facilitated Diffusion • Hemoglobin facilitates diffusion of oxygen • Carbon dioxide transport is facilitated by several factors: • Hb binding of CO2 • Hb buffering of H+ ions • Carbonic anhydrase • Chloride-bicarbonate exchange (band III)

  20. For Thursday How does a gutless worm get so big, so fast?

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