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BLOOD PHYSIOLOGY Practical 1

BLOOD PHYSIOLOGY Practical 1. BLOOD GROUPS. By: khulood Hussein. Clinical significance of determination of blood groups. At least 30 blood group system contaning 400 (Ag) have been found on the cell membrane of RBCs.

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BLOOD PHYSIOLOGY Practical 1

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  1. BLOOD PHYSIOLOGYPractical 1 BLOOD GROUPS By: khulood Hussein

  2. Clinical significance of determination of blood groups • At least 30 blood group system contaning 400 (Ag) have been found on the cell membrane of RBCs. • These can cause Ag-Ab reaction if mixed with plasma that contain antibodies (Ab) against these Ag. • 2 groups of blood system can cause transfusion reactions more than others: ABO and Rh systems. Phase II Medicine- Blood Module - March 2009

  3. ABO Blood GroupsA and B Antigens- Agglutinogens Phase II Medicine- Blood Module - March 2009

  4. ABO Blood Groups • Relative frequency of different blood types: • O 47% • A 41% • B 9% • AB 3% Phase II Medicine- Blood Module - March 2009

  5. Agglutinins Phase II Medicine- Blood Module - March 2009

  6. Phase II Medicine- Blood Module - March 2009

  7. Rh Blood Type • If type D antigen is present on RBC  Rh +ve • Differences between ABO and Rh Ab? • Anti-Rh antibodies are not naturally occurring Ab. • Previous exposure to Rh antigen is required. • Rh +ve blood transfusion. • Rh –ve women pregnant with Rh +ve baby. • Anti-Rh Ab can cross the placenta. Phase II Medicine- Blood Module - March 2009

  8. Blood Grouping Phase II Medicine- Blood Module - March 2009

  9. Blood grouping, showing agglutination of cells of the different blood types with anti-A or anti-B agglutinins in the sera

  10. Phase II Medicine- Blood Module - March 2009

  11. Phase II Medicine- Blood Module - March 2009

  12. Phase II Medicine- Blood Module - March 2009

  13. Phase II Medicine- Blood Module - March 2009

  14. BLOOD TRANSFUSIONS Phase II Medicine- Blood Module - March 2009

  15. Blood Transfusion • Indications. • Types: • Heterologus • Autologous Phase II Medicine- Blood Module - March 2009

  16. Universal Donor. • Most hospitals have available group O negative blood for use in extreme emergency situations. • Group O negative is considered as universal donor. Phase II Medicine- Blood Module - March 2009

  17. Transfusion Reactions resulting from mismatched blood types • Agglutination and delayed hemolysis of donor’s RBC (or immediate intravascular hemolysis)→ Jaundice Phase II Medicine- Blood Module - March 2009

  18. Phase II Medicine- Blood Module - March 2009

  19. Diseases transmitted by blood transfusion • Viral hepatitis • HIV / AIDS • Other transmissible diseases are syphilis, malaria. • What do you do to prevent this? Phase II Medicine- Blood Module - March 2009 19

  20. Pre-transfusion Tests • For a safe blood transfusion, the following tests are done: • Blood grouping • Cross-matching Phase II Medicine- Blood Module - March 2009

  21. X-matching • Once patient’s blood group is known, donor blood of the same ABO and Rh type is selected. • Possible donor RBC’s are mixed with the recipient’s serum. If no agglutination, no Ab in recipient blood will attack donor’s RBCs. Phase II Medicine- Blood Module - March 2009 21

  22. Haemolytic Disease of the Newborn (HDN) • Rh incompatibility  Erythroblastosis Fetalis (HDN). • Rh –ve lady marrying Rh+ve man. • If baby is Rh+ve, fetal RBC leaks to maternal circulation during placental separation (delivery or abortion). • Mother starts to make anti-Rh Ab. • Next pregnancy with Rh+ve baby  anti-Rh Ab pass to baby and cause agglutination and hemolysis of his RBC.

  23. Phase II Medicine- Blood Module - March 2009

  24. HDN • Clinical picture: • Anemia→ Jaundice • Kernicterus (mental impairment due to precipitation of bilirubin in brain cells) Phase II Medicine- Blood Module - March 2009

  25. Prevention • Anti-Rh gamma globulin (RhoGam) injection given to Rh –ve mothers after delivery of Rh +ve baby. Phase II Medicine- Blood Module - March 2009

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