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POTENTIAL OF BOVINE BIOMASS FOR ELECTRICITY PRODUCTION IN THE AZORES

POTENTIAL OF BOVINE BIOMASS FOR ELECTRICITY PRODUCTION IN THE AZORES. André Pina, Kiti Suomalainen & Leonardo Rosado January 2008. Contents. Introduction Biomass Azores Anaerobic Digestion Energy Potential Conclusions. Introduction: The Green Island Project.

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POTENTIAL OF BOVINE BIOMASS FOR ELECTRICITY PRODUCTION IN THE AZORES

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  1. POTENTIAL OF BOVINE BIOMASS FOR ELECTRICITY PRODUCTION IN THE AZORES André Pina, Kiti Suomalainen & Leonardo Rosado January 2008

  2. Contents • Introduction • Biomass • Azores • Anaerobic Digestion • Energy Potential • Conclusions

  3. Introduction: The Green Island Project • Indicate prospects for reducing fossil fuel use • Reduction of energy use • Increase conversion efficiencies • Increase share of renewable energy • Energy consumption • Fossil fuels, transports, CO2 • Electricity consumption, efficiency in buildings • Electricity production, fossil and renewable • Grid capacities

  4. Introduction: Objectives • Contribute to the Green island project • explore a renewable energy source • endogenous natural resources of the Azores • Evaluate the economic viability of bovine biomass • Energetic potential • Definition of a system to generate electricity • Costs to implement the system • Evaluation of economic viability

  5. Biomass: What is it? • Biological material derived from living or recently living organisms, both animal and vegetable. • Virgin wood • Energy crops • Agricultural residues • Industrial waste and co-products • Food waste

  6. Biomass: What to do with it? FROM BIOMASS • Thermal • Combustion • Gasification • Pyrolysis • Chemical • Anaerobic digestion TO USEFUL STUFF • Biofuels - transports • Biopower – electricity & heat • Bioproducts – chemicals, replace plastics, pellets (heat)

  7. Biomass: Facts about biogas from cow dung • Cow dung gas is 55-65% methane, 30-35% carbon dioxide, with some hydrogen, nitrogen and other traces. • Heating values (MJ/kg) • Methane: 40 • Natural gas: 36 • Biogas: 27 • Fuel oil: 42 • Cow dung slurry is composed of (%) • Nitrogen (N2): ~2.2 • Phosphorus (P2O5): ~1.1 • Potassium (K2O): ~0.7 • Organic humus: 50-75.

  8. Azores: Socioeconomical Characterization 1|2 • Spatial Distribution • 9 isles • 3 groups • GDP & Productivity • Lower GDP per capita • Higher Productivity

  9. Azores: Socioeconomical Characterization 2|2 • Population • ¾ in S. Miguel & Terceira

  10. Azores: Electricity Consumption 1|5 • Island distribution of primary energy used • Higher consumption in Faial • Lower consumption in Corvo • Sector distribution of primary energy used • Higher consumption in electricity • 7% in electricity production from a non-fossil source • 3% of total from a non-fossil source Lisbon: 97.2 GJ/cap Sources: IEA, website consultedinAugust 2007, DGGE 2005, EDA 2005. Sources: IEA, website consulted in August 2007, DGGE 2005, EDA 2005.

  11. Azores: Electricity Consumption 2|5 • Final use by sector andisland • HigherconsumptioninDomestic sector followedbyCommerce & Services

  12. Azores: Electricity Consumption 3|5 • Consumption per Capita • Higher consumption in Terceira • Lower consumption in Corvo

  13. Azores: Electricity Consumption 4|5 • Fuels’ consumption • Four main fuels: Butane, Gasoline, Diesel & Fuel oil • Diesel and Fuel Oil for Electricity production

  14. Azores: Electricity Consumption 5|5 • CO2 emissions • Electricity Production & Transports account for 75% Source: Edifícios Saudáveis Consultores, 2004.

  15. Anaerobic Digestion: Technological Overview • A process where bacteria break down organic material in the absence of air (oxygen). • Used for treating • agricultural, • household and • industrial residues and • sewage sludge.

  16. Anaerobic digestion: Entire process overview

  17. Anaerobic digestion : 4 steps • Hydrolysis : Complex organic matter decomposed into simple soluble organic molecules (water used to split the chemical bonds between). • Fermentation: Enzymes, bacteria, yeasts, or molds decompose carbohydrates in the absence of oxygen. • Acetogenesis: Acetogenic bacteria convert fermentation products into acetate, hydrogen and carbon dioxide. • Methanogenesis: CH4 and CO2 are formed from acetate and hydrogen/carbon dioxide by methanogenic bacteria.

  18. Anaerobic digestion: The products • The products of this process are: • Biogas (principally methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2)) • A solid residue that is similar to compost  • A liquid liquor that can be used as a fertilizer.  Biogas can be used for heat and/or electricity production

  19. Anaerobic digestion: Electricity production • Electricity (and heat) may be produced in conventional boilers, (dual)fuel engines or CHP plants (the same way as natural gas is used). • Efficiency • Electric ~40% • With heat recovery ~80-85%

  20. Anaerobic digestion: Example from Luxemburg 1|2 Redange co-operative • A co-operative of 29 local farms, ”Biogas un der Atert”, in cooperation with the municipality, the wastes syndicate, the biogas planning office. • Area radius 6 km • Annual energy valorisation of • 230 tonnes manure • Energetic valorisation of municipality house waste foreseen • 2 x 3 x 1000 m3 digesters

  21. Anaerobic digestion: Example from Luxemburg 2|2 Output and feasibility • 5 800 m3 biogas per day, 60% methane • 700 kWe cogeneration module • 4.5 GWh(e), • 5.6 GWh(th) per year • Investment cost 4.5 M€ (60% Ministry of agriculture, 4000€ per farmer, rest financed by a loan) • Electricity sold at 10 c€/kWh  investment return rate <5 yrs

  22. Anaerobic digestion: From small-scale to large-scale Water Reclamation Plant, Brisbane, treats sewage and industrial wastes. Sludges are pre-treated by an hydrolysis process prior to anaerobic digestion. > 10 000 tonnes per year sludge treated. 0.5 kg of cow dung gives enough gas to cook a day's meals for a family in India.

  23. Anaerobic digestion: CO2 mitigation Key ways anaerobic digestion reduces CO2 emissions: • Replacement of fossil fuels • Reducing methane emission from landfills • Displacing industrially-produced chemical fertilisers • Reducing transportation to landfill • Reducing electrical grid transportation losses (not in our case though)

  24. C O O Anaerobic digestion: Our system

  25. Energy Potential: Bovine population in the Azores 1|2 • Total number of cows in the Azores is estimated to be around 226000 • The number of cows in each island is proportional to the milk produced

  26. Energy Potential: Bovine population in the Azores2|2 • On average, 1 tonne of manure can be produced by 30 cows each day • How much of the total manure is available? • Depends on the farmers and the space the cows are confined in (50% will be used)

  27. Energy Potential: Biogas produced • From 1 tonne of manure, 25 m3 of biogas can be produced • Each m3 of biogas contains around 24 MJ of energy

  28. Energy Potential: Electricity production 1|3 • Biogas can be used to produce electricity • Efficiencies are in the order of 40%

  29. Energy Potential: Electricity production 2|3 • How do these values compare with total electricity consumption? • Electricity savings would come directly from fuel/diesel engines

  30. Energy Potential: Electricity production 3|3 • Fuel/Diesel savings • Most promising islands: • São Miguel • São Jorge • Terceira • Graciosa

  31. Energy Potential: Capacity to install • The capacity to install must be slightly higher than the estimate • Only 50% of the biomass was accounted as useful

  32. Energy Potential: Costs1|2 • Two types of costs must be taken into account: • Installation costs • Running costs • Cost of kW installed decreases with the total capacity

  33. Energy Potential: Costs2|2 • Running costs include • Staff • Insurance • Transport costs • Annual fees for licenses and pollution control • Operating and Maintenance of digester and generator • Running costs are typically considered to be around 0.03 €/kWh

  34. Energy Potential: Revenues • Current legislations supports use of biogas with tariffs as following: • 0.104 €/kWh for the first 15 years • 0.060 €/kWh afterwards (assumed value) • Future revenues, as well as future expenses, must be discounted • Discout rate of 7% will be used

  35. Energy Potential: Economic Feasibility

  36. Energy Potential: Carbon emissions saved • For each kWh of electricity produced using biogas, carbon emissions are mitigated

  37. Energy Potential: Total savings with CO2 mitigation • In the future, CO2 will have a cost • Assumed 20€ for each tonne of CO2 emitted • Should the farmers receive money for the manure, given their contribution to CO2 mitigation? • If so, how much? (100 €/tonne will be assumed) • Who would pay for it? (Assumed the company) • Is it included in the tariffs? (Assumed to be)

  38. Energy Potential: New Economic Feasibility

  39. Conclusions • 3 Islands show economic viability to implement this system • S. Miguel, S. Jorge & Terceira • Substitution of about 15% of fossil fuels • Reduce CO2 emissions • Decrease dependence on energy imports • Including cost of dung still maintains economic viability for the 3 islands

  40. Conclusions: Discussion • How much manure is really available? • Assumed 50% • Is this the farmer’s preferred choice? • Also depends on logistics – where are the cows? • Should the farmer be paid for the cow dung? • Who owns the installation (e.g. cooperative or state)? • Where do the cows graze (who owns the grass)? • What happens to the manure otherwise? • If so, how much? • Delivery costs? • Price of CO2 emission permits avoided? • Who pays? Is this included in the feed-in tariff?

  41. Bibliography INESC Porto, Avaliação da Capacidade de Integração de Energias Renováveis em redes das Ilhas dos Açores, 2004. EDA – Electricidade dos Açores, Informação Estatística, 2006. DGGE – Direcção Geral de Geologia e Energia, Divisão de Estatística, Consumo de Combustíveis no Mercado Interno, 2005. British Biogen, Anaerobic Digestion of Farm and Food Processing Residues – Good Practice Guidelines, 2000. SREA – Serviço Regional de Estatística dos Açores, Os Açores em números, 2005. SREA – Serviço Regional de Estatística dos Açores, Séries Estatísticas 1994-2004, 2006. IEA – International Energy Agency, Key World Energy Statistics, 2006. BioMetha inc, Collective biomethanation project of Redange – A public and lasting project, 2004.

  42. THE END We’re here to save the day! Will you let us?

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