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CHAPTER 8 1975 to 1985

CHAPTER 8 1975 to 1985. Augmenting Human Intellect. 1975+. Altair + others and expansion Minicomputer also “booming” DEC: PDP-8, PDP- 11 Prime: 32 bit mini Interdata - “mega-mini” Systems engineering Laboratory; 32-bit Popular NASA / aerospace Gould bought. DEC Attitude.

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CHAPTER 8 1975 to 1985

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  1. CHAPTER 8 1975 to 1985 Augmenting Human Intellect

  2. 1975+ • Altair + others and expansion • Minicomputer also “booming” • DEC: PDP-8, PDP- 11 • Prime: 32 bit mini • Interdata - “mega-mini” • Systems engineering Laboratory; 32-bit • Popular NASA / aerospace • Gould bought

  3. DEC Attitude • Proud of architecture innovations • Rejected 8080 to keep architectural decision in their control • Did not license the PDP-11 instruction set to chip makers • Give away “corporate jewels” • Also kept DEC out of PC market

  4. DEC  VAX • 1977- VAX announced • Virtual Address eXtension of PDP-11 • Implication: 32 bit PPD-11 • Really a new machine • PDP-11 mode available VAX 11-780

  5. VAX Virtual Memory • Not first; in IBM 370 (few others) • But was important upgrade • 4.3 gigabytes virtual memory • 1 million 32-bit words • Paged memory, swaps between core & drum, associative technique

  6. VAX Features • MIPS - 1 million instructions/second • 16 32-bit general registers • 250+ instructions • 9 addressing modes • VT-100 Terminal • Powerful, easy to use • Scrolled by pixel • ASCII based

  7. VAX Success • Speed was the benchmark • $120,000 and up • Sold 100,000 in the next decade • Surpassed other 32-bit mini’s • Could run UNIX

  8. IBM in the 70’s • New Mainframes – LSI chips • 1977- 3033, • 1979- 4300 - Less cost per performance • SNA–Systems Networking Architecture • 1974: Standards for networking large computers • Used into the 1990’s • 1975 - 5100 PC • Sold; but not a great success • $9,000, big, heavy

  9. IBM in Court • U.S. vs. IBM; Jan. 17, 1969 • Filed by Justice Dept. • Violations of anti-trust laws by virtue of it’s market dominance (70%) for g.p. electronic computers • 10 years of testimony, depositions, etc. • Trial in 1975 • Judge overwhelmed by jargon • Focused on mainframes, not emerging smaller market

  10. IBM in Court • Witness: “…it is most unlikely that any major new venture into the g.p. computing industry can be expected” • 1977: as Apple II introduced at CA conference • Dismissed in 1981 • Competitors were getting RICH • Still lots of healthy companies • Not Noted: PC’s were changing everything

  11. Terminals & Networks • 1970’s – private networks emerged • MEDLINE • OLTP – online transaction processing • Dumb terminals developed • VT-100 – standard ASCII • 3270 – IBM EBCDIC standard

  12. Wang - Office Automation • Pioneered Calculators • 1972 - Model 2200 - computing calculator • Office Automation = Word Processing • Not Successful - expensive, “scary” • WPS-1976 • $30,000 - Hard-disk & screen • G.P., distributed computing system • Bankrupt in 1990’s – in the PC market

  13. Goal: to anticipate profound changes that technology would bring to the handling of information in the business world • Xerox concerned about “paperless office” • Two Important Points • Palo Alto – early Silicon Valley • Mansfield Amendment • No DOD funds without specific relationship to military; NSF for basic research not funded • Lots of available researchers

  14. Doug Englebart • Stanford • Invented the Mouse-1967 • Inspired by Vannevar Bush’s “Atlantic Monthly” article “As we may think”- 1945 • Wanted to improve communication between man and computer • Dec . 1968 - Fall Joint Computer Conference, San Francisco, “Augmented Knowledge Workshop”

  15. J.C.R. Licklider • Psychologist, MIT • “Man - Computer Symbiosis” • “The Computer as a Communication Device” • ARPA - 1962 • “Galactic Network”- his vision • Encouraged Englebart

  16. More Xerox PARC • Developed but did not commercialize • GUI with mouse, Ethernet • Alto Computer - $18,000 • 1000 @ PARC, most networked • WYSIWYG • Commercial  Star 8010 • Marketed as a network to executives • - 10 years early - Wang • Never had any commercial successes

  17. PC’s - 1977- 1985 • 1977- Radio Shack TRS-80 - Model I • $400 + • Z-80 processor chip • Nation-wide marketing • BASIC, cassette • “Signaled end of experimental phase of personal computing & beginning of mature phase”

  18. PC’s (cont.) • Commodore PET • 6502 processor • More popular in Europe, @ MSU • Apple II - Jobs and Wozniak • 6502 processor • Fewer chips than Altair, but out-performed

  19. Apple • 1977 - $10,5000 to MS for BASIC license - saved MS financially • Bus architecture & expansion slots • Outsold TRS-80 & PET; even though more $$$ • Still didn’t threaten establishment

  20. Innovations – Apple’s 5 ¼ Disk • 1977- 8’’ disks - MITS, IMSAI - Expensive • Apple - drives from Shugart Assoc. • 50 chips • Wozniak redesigned with 5 chips • “a marvel of elegance & economy” • 113 Kbytes • $495 (drive + OS + controller) “Last pivotal computer”

  21. Visi Calc- 1979 • Bricklin & Frankston- developers • Flystra, marketed • Software Arts • On Apple - $200 • Was big success

  22. IBM PC- August 1981 • Intel 8088, 16 bit word; external 8 bit* • ASCII, Internal drives • 62-pin bus • 5 Expansion slots • ROM - MS BASIC • 3 Operating Systems available • CPM-86 (1982) • Pascal-based from UCSC • PC- DOS* • Full screen - 25 lines X 80 characters • Color available

  23. IBM PC (cont.) • Word processing, accounting, games, VisiCalc • Oct. 1982 - Lotus 1-2-3 • faster than VisiCalc) • IBM passed Apple • December 1982 • Time Magazine • Computer named “Man of the Year” for 1983

  24. IBM PC (cont’d) • Again misjudged demand • Estimate 250,000 total sales • Some months nearly that • Transformed MS to dominance

  25. Why MS-DOS? • IBM going “outside” for lot - hw & sw • MS Provided Basic for 8088 • Planned to use CP/M - Gary Kildall • He wasn’t there when IBM visited • Dispute over “non-disclosure” • DEC Promised 16-bit version, but late

  26. MS-DOS (cont.) • MS offered PC-DOS • Retained rights to market • Had paid $15K to Seattle Computer products for rights to 86-DOS • Ended up as MS-DOS  Windows • Most influential & longest lasting sw ever

  27. MS DOS vs. CP/M • Retained BIOS • Terminology (PIP to Copy) • More intuitive syntax • Eliminated reboot for wrong disk • “Abort, Retry, Fail?” • Discussed multi-tasking, not time

  28. Comments • 1984 - If IBM’s PC division were a separate company, would have been #3 in industry, behind IBM & DEC • 640K addressable memory: Thought to be very adequate, soon a road block • Compatibles- mixed results • Now locked into IBM PC architecture

  29. 1984 - Apple Macintosh • Influenced from Xerox PARC • Designer Jeff Raskin • “Lisa” had been a flop($10k) • Wanted cheaper version • Mouse and GUI, 3.5” disk • $2,495 • Motorola 6800 • 1985 – Appletalk - networking • No hard drive so MAC couldn’t be a server

  30. Macintosh (cont.) • Closed Architecture-can’t add boards • Allowed it to be cheaper • Not in current trend of H.W. • 1987 - Color monitor • System SW was it’s greatest strength • Copied by MS for Windows • Difficult to develop applications for • Elegant but slower than DOS • 4 Mb Memory (PC 640K)

  31. PC Clones • Most IBM PC’s consisted of parts from other manufacturers - anyone could buy • Same with S.W.- e.g. PC-DOS • IBM retained BIOS code • Compaq • 3 guys from TI • Reverse engineered BIOS • 1983 - 1st clone • Top 100 companies by 1985

  32. Clones (cont.) • Phoenix Technologies • Reverse engineered BIOS • Sold to anyone • Lotus 1-2-3 & Flight Simulator became tests for compatibility • By 1990’s - other companies made more selling IBM clones, than IBM

  33. CHAPTER 8 1975 to 1985 Augmenting Human Intellect

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