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Map of Soil Susceptibility to Compaction in Europe

The Institute for Environment and Sustainability. Map of Soil Susceptibility to Compaction in Europe. Beata Houšková - Luca Montanarella Land Management and Natural Hazards Unit Institute for Environment & Sustainability JRC TP 280 Ispra (VA), 21020 Italy.

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Map of Soil Susceptibility to Compaction in Europe

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  1. The Institute for Environment and Sustainability Map of Soil Susceptibility to Compaction in Europe Beata Houšková - Luca Montanarella Land Management and Natural Hazards Unit Institute for Environment & Sustainability JRC TP 280 Ispra (VA), 21020 Italy 5th ESSC congress–Palermo 07

  2. Soil degradation affects other environmental areas Distortion of the functioning of the internal market Transboundary impact Food safety International dimension Why EU Level of intervention? 5th ESSC congress–Palermo 07

  3. COMMUNICATIONCOM(2006) 231 on the Thematic Strategy for Soil Protection DIRECTIVECOM(2006) 232 establishing a framework for the protection of soil and amending Directive 2004/35/EC IMPACT ASSESSMENTSEC(2006) 620 of the Thematic Strategy for Soil Protection Adopted by the European Commission on 22nd of September 2006 Three necessary steps of Strategies 5th ESSC congress–Palermo 07

  4. Two sections: (SEC (2006) 1165 and SEC(2006) 620) The economic, social and environmental impacts of the proposed measures. Step 3: The Impact Assessment 5th ESSC congress–Palermo 07

  5. Identification of factors/hazards related to the threat („external” factors); Characterization of the receptor relevant to the threat („internal” soil factors); - Performance specification, model selection (with data requirements). Common criteria of risk identification for five major soil threats in Europe ESBN 2006: the report “Common Criteria for Risk Area Identification according to Soil Threats”. 5th ESSC congress–Palermo 07

  6. Common criteria for Soil Compaction risk identification 5th ESSC congress–Palermo 07

  7. Soil compaction as part of STS Soil compaction is a soil degradation process, which can have natural or human origin and very often it is the integration of both. Soil compaction occurs when an applied soil stress exceeds the strength of the soil. Compaction is a process of densification and distortion in which total and air-filled porosity and permeability are reduced, strength is increased, soil structure partly destroyed and many changes are induced in the soil fabric and in various behaviour characteristics. Compaction leads to the change in soil aggregates or particles arrangement in the whole soil profile or in one or several layers. Soil compaction is a degradation process with negative impact on the environment as a whole. 5th ESSC congress–Palermo 07

  8. Responses Driving Forces Impacts Pressures State Framework (DPSIR) for Soil Compaction Good agricultural practice - low ground pressures - timing of cultivations - alleviation measures - conservation tillage European soil protection policy Agriculture intensification On-site - reduction in water storage capacity - increased soil erosion Land use practices continuous cultivation deforestation Off-site - pollution of surface waters - effects on regional drainage - flooding On-site: soil degradation compaction loss of structure Soil Protection Strategy 5th ESSC congress–Palermo 07

  9. 5th ESSC congress–Palermo 07

  10. compacted soil non-compacted soil runoff [erosion. percolation / infiltration pollution] to surface water 0 0 25 25 seepage filtering 50 50 Depth (cm) compacted layer buffering 75 75 100 100 125 125 to groundwater Bulk density higher than 1.9 g.cm-3 stops the ability of plant roots to grow 5th ESSC congress–Palermo 07

  11. Soil textureGenerally, soils with high amount of clay (>35% or more) are more susceptible to compaction in comparison to sandy soils with lower amount of clay (<35%). Especially, clayey soils with low amount of silt fraction are susceptible to the compaction processes. Soil typeType of horizons and their arrangement in soil profile (argillic horizon); type of soil formation processes: illimerisation, gleying or podsolization Natural Soil Compaction 5th ESSC congress–Palermo 07

  12. 5th ESSC congress–Palermo 07

  13. Influence of the origin of compaction on the soil profile properties - Natural soil compaction 5th ESSC congress–Palermo 07

  14. Induced by intensive or incorrect land use (agriculture, forest management); Low amount of deep rooting structure forming plants in crop rotation, e. g. fodder crops; High amount of root crops (plants risky for soil properties stability: rootsystem, cultivation practises with high amount of crossing on the field); Low amount of organic residues. Soil compaction induced by human activities – secondary compaction 5th ESSC congress–Palermo 07

  15. Precompression stress at a given pore water pressure pF 1.8 for topsoils of Europe in relation to a given low topsoil load (tyre inflation pressure: 60 kPa), high topsoil stress: 200 kPa). Classification of the effective soil strength by the relationship of precompression stress to soil pressure: >1.5 very stable, elastic deformation, 1.5-1.2 stable, 1.2-0.8 labile, >0.8 unstable, additional plastic deformation, (author: Prof. Rainer Horn). 5th ESSC congress–Palermo 07

  16. Influence of the origin of compaction on the soil profile properties – Human induced Soil compaction 5th ESSC congress–Palermo 07

  17. Author: R. Jones 5th ESSC congress–Palermo 07

  18. Subsoil Susceptibility to Compaction 5th ESSC congress–Palermo 07

  19. Delineation of areas susceptible to natural compation Delineation of areas susceptible to human – induced compaction Delineation of areas susceptible to combined compation Main steps in second version map construction 5th ESSC congress–Palermo 07

  20. European Soil Database (STU, SMU units)1:1 M and/or 1 km grid MARS50 km grid soil suitability for different crops and evaluation of climate CAPRI1 km gridthe probability of crop cultivation according to the type of crop DTMDigital Terrain Model of spatial resolution 30 m (DTED Level 2 or SRTM 30); DTM 90m spatial resolution can give satisfactory results only for terrain relief of high variability. (Maximal slope (8%, 10%) admissible to heavy machines) EUROSTATStatistical and economical data about number and types of machines, type of agriculture (rotation) and intensity of stock-raising. Source of data 5th ESSC congress–Palermo 07

  21. The database consists from four components: The Soil Geographical Database of Europe at scale 1:1,000,000 (SGDBE), which is a digitized European soil map and related attributes; The PedoTransfer Rules Database (PTRDB), version 2.0, which holds a number of pedotransfer rules which can be applied to the SGDBE; The Soil Profile Analytical Database of Europa (SPADBE); The Database of Hydraulic Properties of European Soils (HYPRES). European Soil Database 5th ESSC congress–Palermo 07

  22. CoverageThe digital form of the soil map in ArcInfo database consisting from geometric and semantic datasets; Polygons - with areas greaten than 25 km2; polygon can belong just to 1 SMU Soil Mapping Units (SMU) – geometric part of ESDB.They are represented on the map at least by one polygon but can be composed of several polygons and comprise at least 1 STU – recommendation: max 5 STUs – soil associations Soil typological units (STU) – semantic part of ESDB.They define the soil type having the set of homogeneous properties for defined area. The sum of % of STUs in 1 SMU = 100%;Each STU must correspond at least to 5% of the total area of SMU, otherwise it is ignored. Structure of ESDB 5th ESSC congress–Palermo 07

  23. European Soil Database: WRB classification http://eusoils.jrc.it 5th ESSC congress–Palermo 07

  24. Visualization of soil cover for whole area (practical visualization by database 1:250,000 sheets or by administrative units - NUTS). Elimination of areas unaffected by compaction.Realization: soil covers - (forest + built up areas + water bodies + devasted areas + rocks) – terrain with slope >10%.Result: agriculture areas potentially affected by compaction or susceptible to compaction. Natural compaction delineation 5th ESSC congress–Palermo 07

  25. STU according to their susceptibility to compaction Soil Texture Classes according to their susceptibility to compaction Intersection of susceptibility for compaction: soil type & texture Result of this step: 3 maps 5th ESSC congress–Palermo 07

  26. Delineation of areas with high percentage of farm larger then 50 ha delineation of areas with high probability of use of heavy machines (large parcels, large farms, heavy soils). Delineation of pastures with intensive grazing Delineation of areas with high percentage of root crops Human-induced compaction delineation 5th ESSC congress–Palermo 07

  27. Maps with polygons showing 4 classes of soil compaction0 - no risk of compaction 1 - low risk of compaction 2 - medium risk of compaction 3 - high risk of compaction Presentation of Results 5th ESSC congress–Palermo 07

  28. GMES Kyoto Protocol Emission Trading EU Global Development Policies Fuel Directives Emissions from Road Transport Clean Air for Europe (CAFE) Water Framework Directive Marine Thematic Strategy Flood Risk Management European Flood Alert System Development Technical Body Soil Thematic Strategy Forest Focus Scientific Coordination Body Thematic Urban Strategy INSPIRE Technical Coordinator Renewable Energies & Electricity Efficiency ENERGY STAR Technical Coordinator Management of Natural Resources Environmental Technology Action Plan (ETAP) Radiation Environmental Monitoring European Information System Operator Environment and Health EU Policy Issues Addressed by IES ... 5th ESSC congress–Palermo 07

  29. COUNCIL REGULATION (EC) No. 1782/2003 of 29 September 2003 5th ESSC congress–Palermo 07

  30. 5th ESSC congress–Palermo 07

  31. Preventing further soil degradation and preserving its functions: when soil is used and its functions are exploited, action has to be taken on soil use and management patterns, and when soil acts as a sink/receptor of the effects of human activities or environmental phenomena, action has to be taken at source. Restoring degraded soils to a level of functionality consistent at least with current and intended use, thus also considering the cost implications of the restoration of soil. Overall objective 5th ESSC congress–Palermo 07

  32. Thank you for your interest ! 5th ESSC congress–Palermo 07

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