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Cultural Heritage Conservation and Sustainable Development ; The Pastoralist Challenge

Cultural Heritage Conservation and Sustainable Development ; The Pastoralist Challenge. Brought to you by Team Awesome (Amanda, Caitlin, Jessica, Ana, & Alicia). static.guim.co.uk. Research Topic. Approaches need to take into consideration cultural context, effective

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Cultural Heritage Conservation and Sustainable Development ; The Pastoralist Challenge

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  1. Cultural Heritage Conservation and Sustainable Development;The Pastoralist Challenge Brought to you by Team Awesome (Amanda, Caitlin, Jessica, Ana, & Alicia) static.guim.co.uk

  2. Research Topic Approaches need to take into consideration cultural context, effective transnational policy agreements, and cultural awareness to have a more positive outcome for pastoral livelihoods.

  3. Key Definitions Sustainable Development - “Development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.” - Brundtland Commission, 1987 Cultural Heritage Conservation - “Protection and preservation of cultural and natural heritage… and recognizing the value of humanity” - UNESCO, 1972

  4. History of Sustainable Development 1987 -The World Commission on Environment and Development 1988 – International Institute for Environment and Development 1990 –United Nations Development Programme publishes the first Human Development Report 1992 -UN holds Conference on Environment and Development 1993 -Oxfam employs the Sustainable Livelihood approach 1994 -Care adopts household livelihoods security as a framework for relief and development 1995 -UN World Summit for Social Development; UNDP adopts Employment and Sustainable Livelihoods as one of top five priorities 1996 -DFID invites Sustainable Livelihoods projects 1997 -New Labour publishes White Paper on International

  5. Organizations To name a few… UNESCO - United Nations Educational, Scientific & Cultural Organization WISP - World Initiative for Sustainable Pastoralism DFID - Department for International Development USAID - United States Agency for International Development Will be discussed in further detail

  6. Development Practice

  7. Livelihood Framework * DFID Sustainable Livehood Framework

  8. What about the Pastoralists? • People primarily dependant on their livestock • In some cases, pastoralists inhabit parts of the world where crop cultivation is limited due to environmental factors • Pastoralism is a sustainable method of utilizing the ecosystems that they inhabit • Most are semi-nomadic or nomadic anthro.palomar.edu

  9. Threats to Pastoralists • Borders interfere with migration habits • Competition with agriculture • Competition with native animals • No property = no voice • Loss of grazing land to wildlife parks

  10. The Challenge • In general, aid given is best fitted for sedentary lifestyles • Agriculture and technology • Construction of school houses • Ecotourism • Wells and food-aid

  11. Case Studies The Sami The Maasai www.worldpress.org

  12. MAASAI Meishoo iyiook enkai inkishu o-nkera www.campiyakanzi.com "May Creator give us cattle and children”

  13. Distribution 350,000 Inhabitants 200,000 Inhabitants http://www.maasai-association.org

  14. Self-definition • Vulnerable • Land Maasai upload.wikimedia.org

  15. History • 1904 and 1911 represent the first wave of land alienation from the Maasai • 60% of the land was taken away • Privatization of communal lands • National Game Reserves impeding on Maasai’s Land. www.newsgroper.com

  16. Concepts • Sustainable Livelihoods Framework • Path Dependence • Garret Hardin “Tragedy of the Commons” http://cdn.picapp.com

  17. Challenges • Aid • Ownership of land • Misconceptions over pastoral culture • Resisting urges to adopt a sedentary lifestyle • More demanding crises divert attention from pastoralists maasaisp.ning.com

  18. Sami Norway - 40,000 Sami = 1% of the population Sweden - 15,000 Sami = 0.2% of the population Finland - 4,000 Sami = 0.08% of the population www.alsap.org/Sami/Sami.htm

  19. Lapland www.utexas.edu

  20. Reindeer britannica.com

  21. History • Greek and Roman Texts • Co-existence with Viking culture • Land, God, and the Crown • Government borders • Assimilation and Separatism www.treehugger.com

  22. Concepts • Sustainable Livelihoods Approach • Path Dependency Theory • Garret Hardin “Tragedy of the Commons” umanitoba.ca

  23. "Tell them we don't just wander," - a Sami herder to ethnographer Robert Paine, 1994 www.baiki.org/content/about.htm

  24. GovernmentCurrent Restrictive Rights on Sami Heritage and Livelihood • Norway • General Opinions • Classifications for Land Ownership • Bias Government decision based on government interest • NGO’s • Sweden • “Immemorial Custom” and the Courts • Bias Government decision based on government interest • UN Criticism 2008

  25. GovernmentCurrent Restrictive Rights on Sami Heritage and Livelihood • Finland • Recognized as an indigenous people with rights to their culture, however Sami do not have exclusive rights to resources • Bilateral • “Sami crossing international borders will not be met with friendliness, protection, or aid.” - Sillanp, 1992 (The Sami Flag)

  26. Challenges • Aid • Debates over the ownership of land • Lack of legal protection in regards to use of the land • Lack of acknowledgement for rights already granted • Misconceptions about pastoral culture • Local tensions

  27. Acknowledging and upholding the land rights Education about pastoral livelihoods Equal Cooperation between Sami and governments Increase pastoralist production Legal rights and protection Access to land Revise concepts of environmental protection Pathways Forward Saamiblog.blogspot

  28. Increased Awareness Recognition that pastoral communities present additional challenges and constraints Government recognition New studies need to be initiated specifically with pastoral lifestyles in mind

  29. Intangible Heritage

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