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Dr Chris Bax London Metropolitan University Dept. Health & Human Sciences c.bax@londonmet.ac.uk

PHARMACOLOGY. Dr Chris Bax London Metropolitan University Dept. Health & Human Sciences c.bax@londonmet.ac.uk. Learning Objectives:. Learning Objectives: Pharmacological principles and processes. Learning Objectives: Pharmacological principles and processes

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Dr Chris Bax London Metropolitan University Dept. Health & Human Sciences c.bax@londonmet.ac.uk

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  1. PHARMACOLOGY Dr Chris Bax London Metropolitan University Dept. Health & Human Sciences c.bax@londonmet.ac.uk

  2. Learning Objectives:

  3. Learning Objectives: • Pharmacological principles and processes

  4. Learning Objectives: • Pharmacological principles and processes • Drug bioavailability – how do we ensure that a drug is “available”? E.G: will it be absorbed from the gut? • Pharmacokinetics – what the body does to the drug. A D M E

  5. Learning Objectives: • Pharmacological principles and processes • Drug bioavailability – how do we ensure that a drug is “available”? E.G: will it be absorbed from the gut? • Pharmacokinetics – what the body does to the drug. A D M E

  6. Learning Objectives: • Pharmacological principles and processes • Drug bioavailability – how do we ensure that a drug is “available”? E.G: will it be absorbed from the gut? • Pharmacokinetics – what the body does to the drug: A D M E

  7. Pharmacodynamics – what the drug does to the body (esp. at receptor level; drug receptor interactions) • Benefit:risk ratio – the therapeutic index. • Drug overdose and poisoning. • Drug dependence and abuse • An introduction to the pharmacology of the autonomic nervous system

  8. Pharmacodynamics – what the drug does to the body (esp. at receptor level; drug receptor interactions) • the therapeutic index. • Drug overdose and poisoning. • Drug dependence and abuse • An introduction to the pharmacology of the autonomic nervous system

  9. Pharmacodynamics – what the drug does to the body (esp. at receptor level; drug receptor interactions) • Benefit:risk ratio – the therapeutic index. • Drug overdose and poisoning. • Drug dependence and abuse • An introduction to the pharmacology of the autonomic nervous system

  10. Pharmacodynamics – what the drug does to the body (esp. at receptor level; drug receptor interactions) • Benefit:risk ratio – the therapeutic index. • Drug overdose and poisoning. • Drug dependence and abuse • An introduction to the pharmacology of the autonomic nervous system

  11. Pharmacodynamics – what the drug does to the body (esp. at receptor level; drug receptor interactions) • Benefit:risk ratio – the therapeutic index. • Drug overdose and poisoning. • Drug dependence and abuse • An introduction to the pharmacology of the autonomic nervous system

  12. Recommended Books • Pharmacology – Rang, Dale Ritter & Flower, 2007. Churchill Livingstone.

  13. Pharmacology • – the science of drugs

  14. Pharmacology • – the science of drugs • - the interaction of drugs with living tissues

  15. Routes of drug administration: 1. Oral

  16. Routes of drug administration: 1. Oral • Advantages: convenient

  17. Routes of drug administration: 1. Oral • Advantages: convenient • Disadvantages: absorption

  18. Routes of drug administration: 1. Oral • Advantages: convenient • Disadvantages: absorption digestion

  19. Routes of drug administration: 1. Oral • Advantages: convenient • Disadvantages: absorption digestion compliance

  20. Routes of drug administration: 1. Oral • Advantages: convenient • Disadvantages: absorption digestion compliance 1st pass effect

  21. 2. Sublingual

  22. 2. Sublingual • rapid effect

  23. 3. Cutaneous - local - systemic

  24. 3. Cutaneous - local - systemic Steady rate of absorption

  25. 3. Cutaneous - local - systemic Steady rate of absorption Avoids 1st pass effect

  26. 4. Intravenous - bolus - steady infusion

  27. 4. Intravenous - bolus - steady infusion - Rapid

  28. 4. Intravenous - bolus - steady infusion - Rapid - Avoids problems of absorption

  29. 4. Intravenous - bolus - steady infusion - Rapid - Avoids problems of absorption • requires clinical expertise

  30. 4. Intravenous - bolus - steady infusion - Rapid - Avoids problems of absorption • requires clinical expertise • E.G. anaesthetics, chemotherapeutic agents

  31. 5. Nasal

  32. 5. Nasal Convenient Rapid effect

  33. 5. Nasal Convenient Rapid effect E.G: ADH, GnRH, calcitonin

  34. Intrathecal - into the sub-arachnoid space.

  35. Intrathecal - into the sub-arachnoid space. - Requires clinical expertise

  36. Intrathecal - into the sub-arachnoid space. - Requires clinical expertise • E.G: anti-cancer drugs, local anaesthetics, antibiotics

  37. 7. Rectal. For patients who are: vomiting excessively; in status epilepticus; unconscious.

  38. 8. Others….. Eye drops Intramuscular Intraperitoneal

  39. A D M E • Absorption:

  40. A D M E • Absorption: Stomach plasma tissues

  41. Most important factor = lipid solubility

  42. Most important factor = lipid solubility • The best absorbed drugs are lipid soluble (hydrophobic; lipophilic),

  43. Most important factor = lipid solubility • The best absorbed drugs are lipid soluble (hydrophobic; lipophilic), • …and are not electrically charged.

  44. Most important factor = lipid solubility • The best absorbed drugs are lipid soluble (hydrophobic; lipophilic), • …and are not electrically charged. • WHY?

  45. However, most drugs are not lipids; most are partly hydrophilic, and partly hydrophobic.

  46. However, most drugs are not lipids; most are partly hydrophilic, and partly hydrophobic. • In addition, drugs are often not pH neutral, but are weak acids or weak alkalis.

  47. A simple example…. • A weak acid such as acetyl salicylic acid HA likes to give away its H (this is the definition of an acid)

  48. HA H+ + A- weak hydrogen base acid ion

  49. HA H+ + A- weak hydrogen base acid ion Acetyl salicylic H+ ion Acetyl Salicylate acid

  50. HA H+ + A- weak hydrogen base acid ion Acetyl salicylic H+ ion Acetyl salicylate acid Uncharged(charged) charged

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