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POINT LOCATION I

POINT LOCATION I. General Introduction What are points?. What are Acupuncture Points. Traditional Chinese Perspective Specific areas on the body surface (skin) by which Qi and Blood are transported Reflect the functional condition of the body

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POINT LOCATION I

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  1. POINT LOCATION I General Introduction What are points?

  2. What are Acupuncture Points Traditional Chinese Perspective • Specific areas on the body surface (skin) by which Qi and Blood are transported • Reflect the functional condition of the body • Capable of receiving stimulation to prevent and treat disease

  3. What are Acupuncture Points Modern Scientific Perspective • Neurological Pathways: Studies show that acupuncture stimulate all parts of the nervous system. • Electrical Characteristics: Measuring the electrical resistance or the current flowing across the acupoints with a pre-determined voltage. Studies show that acupuncture points have a lowered electrical resistance or an increase in current.

  4. What are Acupuncture Points Modern Scientific Perspective • Radio-Active Tracer Studies: The use of radioactive tracers to study acupuncture points and meridians shows that they are neither vascular nor lymphatic in origin, but are related to connective tissues interstitial spaces which would constitute a preferred ionic pathway.

  5. The History of Acupuncture Points Origins • 4000—8000 years ago • Painful, tender areas that when pressed produce relief • Reactions on areas of the body during disease • Anatomical landmarks: Blood vessels, ligaments, tendons & muscles, bone

  6. Development & the Historical Record • Originated as early as in the clan commune period of the primitive society. • Acupuncture instruments were made of stone and were named “bian stone.” • Needles were made of stone. • To incise abscess, drain pus and let blood out for therapeutic purposes.  • 3,000 years ago in the Shang Dynasty • The hieroglyphs of acupuncture and moxibustion appeared in the inscriptions on bones and tortoise shells.

  7. Development & the Historical Record • Eleven vessels of foot and hand and Eleven vessels of yin and yang (before the Yellow Emperor’s Internal Classic) • Records 6 foot vessels and 5 hand vessels; • Records areas for moxibustion and blood-letting with stone needles.

  8. Development & the Historical Record • Fifty-two Prescriptions (Wu Shi Er Bing Fang)(before the Yellow Emperor’s Internal Classic) • Three tombs of early Western Han Dynasty were excavated at Mawangdui in the eastern outskirts of Changsha in 1972. • Silk manuscript Prescriptions for Fifty-two Diseases found in Tomb No. 3, 52 diseases were recorded together with over 100 specifications of diseases. • With over 280 prescriptions and 240 drugs recorded in the book, it is the earliest prescription book ever found in China. • It recorded areas on the body for moxibustion and bloodletting.

  9. The General Theory & Classification of Points Relationship between Points and Viscera and Channels-Collaterals • Viscera-channels-points

  10. Channels and Collaterals (Jing Luo) • Channels (Meridians ) are the carriers for qi/blood. • Jing = channels. Geographical connotations: like water channel or pathway. Bigger branches, like large rivers. Run at a relatively deep level, connect with zangfu characteristics: • 1. main trunks • 2. usually run longitudinally • 3. usually go very deep inside body. • 4. will connect to interior organs. • Twelve Primary Channels ---- 十二正经 • Twelve Divergent Channels ---- 十二经别

  11. Luo = “to attach” or “net”. Collaterals. Interlock the channels. Smaller tributaries, like creeks. Run more superficially. • characteristics: • 1.branches • 2.run transversely, i.e., to all other directions not just longitudinally • 3.more superficial. • 4. do not directly connect to interior organs. • Fifteen Luo-Connecting collaterals ---- 十五络 • Minute Collaterals ---- 孙络

  12. 12 regular channels • 6 yang channelsYang channels are connected to yang (fu) organLocated primarily in a yang area of the body(Exception: stomach channel) • § 3 hand yang channels (hand channels end or begins at a finger and most of the channel runs on the upper limb) • § 3 foot yang channels(foot channels end or begin at a toe and most of channel runs on lower limb)

  13. 6 yin channelsYin channels are connected to yin (zang) organLocated primarily in a yin area of the body. • § 3 hand yin channels(hand channels end or begins at a finger and most of the channel runs on the upper limb) • § 3 foot yin channels(foot channels end or begin at a toe and most of channel runs on lower limb)

  14. Three Hand Yin Channels: • Hand Tai-Yin Lung Channel • Hand Jue-Yin Pericardium Channel • Hand Shao-Yin Heart Channel Three Hand Yang Channels: • Hand Yang-Ming Large Intestine Channel • Hand Shao-Yang San-Jiao Channel • Hand Tai-Yang Small Intestine Channel Three Foot Yin Channels: • Foot Tai-Yin Spleen Channel • Foot Jue-Yin Liver Channel • Foot Shao-Yin Kidney Channel Three Foot Yang Channels: • Foot Yang-Ming Stomach Channel • Foot Shao-Yang Gallbladder Channel • Foot Tai-Yang Urinary Bladder Channel

  15. The eight extraordinary vessels • Governing Vessel ---- Du Mai • Conception / Directing Vessel ---- Ren Mai • Thoroughfare / Penetrating Vessel ---- Chong Mai • Belt / Girdling Vessel ---- Dai Mai • Yin-Heel / Yin-Motility Vessel ---- Yin-Qiao Mai • Yang-Heel / Yang-Motility Vessel ---- Yang-Qiao MaiYin-Linking Vessel ---- Yin-Wei Mai • Yang-Linking Vessel ----Yang-Wei Mai

  16. Twelve Sinew Channels(十二经筋):Smaller channels gathering around joints/sinews. Twelve Cutaneous Regions (十二皮部):12 of them. Very superficial, shallow, cover where 12 regular Meridians pass through. Aren’t a line or meridian, but regions Please note: 14 Channels: The Twelve Primary Channels plus Ren Mai and Du Mai are called ‘14 Channels’. They are the major channels throughout the body and have been used widely in clinical practice.

  17. The General Theory & Classification of Points Classification of Points • Jing or “channel” points (Acupuncture Points of the Fourteen Channels) • Characteristics: Have a pertaining channel, name, and specific location • Number: There are 361 Jing points in total.

  18. The General Theory & Classification of Points Classification of Points • Extra points • Characteristics: Have a name and a specific location but no pertaining channel. • Classification: Extra points that are situated on the course of channels; Extra points that are not situated on the course of the channels. • Number: 45 Extra points accepted by the WHO; historically the number varies from 20-200.

  19. The General Theory & Classification of Points Classification of Points • Ashi points • Characteristics: Having no pertaining channel, no name and no specific location. • Number: Countless.

  20. Nomenclature of Points Point Names • Reflecting Naturalistic Imagery • Quchi (LI 11, Crooked Pond) • Shaohai (HT 3, Young Sea) • Hegu (LI 4, Joining Valleys) • Taiyuan (LU 9, Supreme Abyss) • Bearing Analogy to Animals • Yuji (LU 10, Fish Border) • Dubi (ST 35, Calf Nose) • Yuyao (Extra Point, Fish Waist)

  21. Nomenclature of Points Point Names • Bearing Analogy to Architectural Structures • Shenmen (HT 7, Spirit Gate) • Neiting (ST 44, Inner Courtyard) • Jianjing (GB 21, Shoulder Well) • Fengshi (GB 31, Wind Market) • Bearing Analogy to Astronomical in Meteorological Phenomena • Riyue (GB 24, Sun and Moon) • Taibai (SP 3, Venus) • Fengchi (GB 20, Wind Pool) • Taiyang (Extra Point, Supreme/Sun Yang)

  22. Nomenclature of Points • Points Named According to Anatomical Terms • Jianyu (LI 15, Shoulder Corner) • Ruzhong (ST 17, Middle of Breast) • Erjian (Extra Point, Tip of Ear) Their Therapeutic Properties • Jingming (BL 1, Brighten Eyes) • Yingxiang (LI 20, Welcome Fragrance) • Anmian (Extra Point, Peaceful Sleep)

  23. Nature of Points According to the Yin-Yang & Five Elements Schemes • Points and Yin-Yang • Based on channels: points situated on the yang channels are more yang in nature while those situated on the yin channels are more yin in nature. • Based on locations: points located in the yang portion of the body are yang points while located in the yin portion of the body are yin points.

  24. Nature of Points According to the Yin-Yang & Five Elements Schemes • Points and the Five Elements • All points have a general Five Element nature corresponding to the Five Element nature of the channels. In other words, since the Five Element nature of the channels corresponds to the Five Element nature of their pertaining viscera or bowels, then the Five Element nature of the points corresponds the Five Element nature of their pertaining channels. Therefore:

  25. Nature of Points According to the Yin-Yang & Five Elements Schemes • Points and the Five Elements • points on the Lung channel and the Large Intestine channel belong to Metal • points in the Stomach channel and the Spleen channel belong to Earth • points on the Heart channel and the Small Intestine channel belong to Fire • points on the Kidney channel and the Bladder channel belong to Water • points on the Liver channel and the Gallbladder channel belong to Wood

  26. Nature of Points According to the Yin-Yang & Five Elements Schemes • Points and the Five Elements • In addition, the Five-Shu points are endowed with the nature of Five Elements: • For the yang channels: Jing-well —Metal, Ying-spring—Water, Shu-stream—Wood, Jing-river—Fire, He-sea–Earth • For the yin channels: Jing-well —Wood, Ying-spring—Fire, Shu-stream—Earth, Jing-river—Metal, He-sea–Water

  27. POINT LOCATION I Function of points

  28. Function of Points Transport Qi and Blood • points--collaterals--channels--Zangfu

  29. Function of Points Reflect dysfunction of the body • Abnormal sensation: tender, sensitivity, cold, warm • Change of shape: node, rash, strip-like things, prominent, depression, swelling • Abnormal color: red, white, green-blue, purple • Change of electrical properties: especially at the Yuan-Source and Jing-Well points • Change of the skin temperature: higher or lower

  30. Function of Points Assist in diagnosis Danlang Xue (Cholecystitis) , Lanwei Xue (Appendicitis)

  31. Function of Points Examination methods • Inspection: color, rashes, change of shape, decortication • Inquiry: special sensation: pain, numbness, sore, swelling, cold, hot • Palpation: pressing • Measurement with instrument: electrical resistance, electrical potential, temperature

  32. Function of Points Prevention and treatment of disease • Prevention of disease: ST 36, RN 4, 6, 8, DU 4, DU 14, LI 4 • Treatment of disease: WHO acknowledges that 43 different diseases can be effectively treated with acupuncture

  33. Therapeutic Properties of Points Local and adjacent therapeutic effects •A common therapeutic effect for all kinds of points (Jing points, Extra points, Ashi points). Remote therapeutic effects •A common therapeutic effect for all Jing-points and some Extra points, especially the specific points.

  34. Therapeutic Properties of Points • Specific therapeutic effects • Jing-well points for acute disorders • Ying-Sping points for fever • Back Shu: Zang Disorders • Front-Mu points and Lower He-Sea points for disorders of the Fu-organs • DU 14 and DU 20: fever, mental problems • GB20, Taiyang: Head disorders • ST 36, RN 4: general deficiency of the body • ST 38: Shoulder Problems • BL 67: malposition of the fetus (moxibustion during third trimester) • RN 9 & KI 7: Regulate water passageways, Edema • ST 36: increase the secretion of the gastric acid • SP 4, PC 6 and ST 34: inhibit the secretion of gastric acid • LI 4 and ST 44: toothache • SP 1: Bleeding Disorders

  35. Therapeutic Properties of Points • Specific therapeutic effects • LI 11: Hypertension • BL 18: lower the level of blood sugar • BL 17: increase the level of blood sugar, blood diseases of TCM • BL 40: Skin Diseases • BL 57 and Erbai: Hemorrhoids • PC 6: Nausea • HT 6, KI 6: Night Sweating • SI 1: Absence of lactation • DU9: Jaundice • DU 10: Lymphangitis • DU 14, Erjian: Fever • Anmian: Insomnia • Dingchuan: Asthma • Shiqizhuixia: Painful menses

  36. POINT LOCATION I Specific Points

  37. Specific Points “Points with Specific Therapeutic Effects.”

  38. Specific Points • Five shu points • Yuan-source points • Luo-Connecting points • Back-shu points and front-mu points • Xi-cleft points • Eight influential points • lower He-sea points • Eight confluent points and the intersecting points.

  39. Five-Shu Points “Transporting Points” Definition and Names of the Five-Shu Points: Is the place where the Qi flows like a river from the extremity to the elbows and knees. 1. Jing-Well: Qi Emanates 2. Ying-Spring: Qi Glides 3. Shu-Stream: Qi Pours 4. Jing-River: Qi Flows 5. He-Sea: Qi Enters Inwards Distribution of the Five-Shu Points: Below the Elbow and knee joints

  40. Yuan-Source Points 原穴 Definition: The points where the Yuan Qi (Original Qi) of the Zang-fu organs “Surfaces, Resides or Lingers and Passes Through.” The Yuan-Source Points of the Yin Channels are also the Shu-Stream Points of the Yin Channels.

  41. Specific Therapeutic Effects: Treating disease of the corresponding Zang-fu organs Assist in making diagnosis: “Disease will appear at the Yuan-Source Points” GB 40 for cholecystitis HT 7 for coronary heart disease

  42. Luo-Connecting Points 络穴 Definition The points connecting two channels exterior-interiorly related The Luo-Connecting Channels separate from the primary channels.

  43. Specific Therapeutic Effects: Treating disorders of their pertaining channels and Zang-Fu organs Treating disorders of their interiorly-exteriorly related channels or Zang-fu organs. For example, LU7 is used to treat toothache and headache Treating disorders of their corresponding collaterals. For example, HT5 is used to treat fullness of the chest (excess) and dysphasia (deficient) Chronic Disease (Same Channel) Mental and emotional disorders

  44. Xi-Cleft Points 郄穴 Definition The point is where Qi and blood of channels “Gather and Plunge Deeper into the Body.”

  45. Xi-Cleft Points Specific Therapeutic Effects: Xi cleft-points: severe and intractable disease, especially acute ones Xi-cleft of the Yin Channels: Blood Disorders Xi-cleft of the Yang Channels: Acute Disorders and Pain Disorders

  46. Back-Shu Points 背俞穴 Definition Points on the back where the Qi of Zang-Fu organs is infused (Shu means “to Transport” + Zang Fu name) Classic of Difficulties: “Disease of Yin, treat the Yang”

  47. Back-Shu Points Specific Therapeutic Effects: Disorders of corresponding Zang-Fu organs Disorders of the tissues and orifices related to their corresponding Zang-Fu organs Assisting diagnosis making: Points lie relatively at the same anatomical level as the pertaining Zang-Fu Organ.

  48. Front-Mu Points 募穴 Definition Points on the chest and abdomen where the Qi of the Zang-Fu organs is “Infused and Converged” or “Gather and Concentrate” on the anterior surface of the body. Close to related organs

  49. Front-Mu Points Specific Therapeutic Effects Disorders of corresponding Zang-Fu organs, especially the Fu-organs “Needling can deeply reach the Fu Organs.” Point Combination Combined with the Back-Shu points Combined with the He-Sea points

  50. Lower He-Sea Points 下合穴 Definition •Six points on the lower extremities where the Qi from the six Fu Organs communicates with the three foot-yang channels. •The three-foot yang channels Lower He-Sea Points are the same as the He-Sea Points

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