Myers’ EXPLORING PSYCHOLOGY (5th Ed)

1. Myers’ EXPLORING PSYCHOLOGY (5th Ed) Chapter 13 Psychological Disorders James A. McCubbin, PhD Clemson University Worth Publishers

2. Psychological Disorders What is Abnormal? • atypical • disturbing • maladaptive/dysfunctional

3. Historical Perspective • Perceived Causes • movements of sun or moon • lunacy - full moon • evil spirits • Ancient Treatments • exorcism, caged like animals, beaten, burned, castrated, mutilated, blood replaced with animal’s blood

4. Psychological Disorders • Medical Model • diseases have physical causes. • assumes that “mental” illnesses can be diagnosed on the basis of their symptoms and cured through therapy

5. Psychological Disorders--Etiology • Etiology • The study of causation • DSM-IV TR • American Psychiatric Association’s Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (Fourth Edition, TR)

6. Anxiety Disorders • Distressing, persistent maladaptive behaviors that reduce anxiety • Generalized Anxiety Disorder • person is continually tense, apprehensive • Phobia • persistent, irrational fear of a specific object or situation • Panic Disorder • episode of intense dread: terror feelings and chest pain, choking, dizziness, etc.

7. Anxiety Disorders • Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder • Unwanted, repetitive thoughts (obsessions) and/or actions (compulsions). • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6AQnbqx3ouk

8. Common Obsessions and Compulsions Thought or Behavior Percentage* Reporting Symptom Obsessions (repetitive thoughts) Concern with dirt, germs, or toxins 40 Something terrible happening (fire, death, illness) 24 Symmetry order, or exactness 17 Compulsions (repetitive behaviors) Excessive hand washing, bathing, tooth brushing, 85 or grooming Repeating rituals (in/out of a door, 51 up/down from a chair) Checking doors, locks, appliances, 46 car brake, homework Anxiety Disorders

9. Anxiety Disorders • PET Scan of brain of person with obsessive/ compulsive disorder • High metabolic activity (red) in frontal lobe areas involved with directing attention

10. Mood Disorders • characterized by emotional extremes • Depression: • Mild • Moderate (dysthymia) • Major • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FTXvWU258FM

11. Mood Disorders • Mania • A hyperactive, wildly optimistic state. • Bipolar Disorder • alternates between hopelessness of depression and the overexcited state of mania • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kKm526pnMSg

12. Around the world women are more susceptible to depression 20 15 10 5 0 Percentage of population aged 18-84 experiencing major depression at some point In life USA Edmonton Puerto Paris West Florence Beirut Taiwan Korea New Rico Germany Zealand Mood Disorders-Depression

13. 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Suicides per 100,000 people The higher suicide rate among men greatly increases in late adulthood 15-24 25-34 35-44 45-44 55-64 65-74 75-84 85+ Females Males Mood Disorders- Suicide

14. Depressed state Manic state Depressed state Mood Disorders-Bipolar • PET scans show that brain energy consumption rises and falls with emotional swings

15. Brain chemistry Cognition Mood Mood Disorders-Depression • Altering any one component of the chemistry-cognition-mood circuit can alter the others

16. 1 Stressful experiences 4 Cognitive and behavioral changes 2 Negative explanatory style 3 Depressed mood Mood Disorders-Depression • The vicious cycle of depression can be broken at any point

17. Schizophrenia • a group of severe psychotic disorders characterized by: • disorganized and delusional thinking • disturbed perceptions: Hallucinations/Delusions

18. Schizophrenia • Delusions • false beliefs, often of persecution or grandeur. • Hallucinations • false sensory experiences • hearing or seeing things • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=moP_e-gx5hk

19. Subtypes of Schizophrenia Paranoid: Preoccupation with delusions or hallucinations Disorganized: Disorganized speech or behavior, or flat or inappropriate emotion Catatonic: Immobility (or excessive, purposeless movement), extreme negativism, and/or parrotlike repeating of another’s speech or movements Undifferentiated Schizophrenia symptoms without fitting one of the or residual: above types Schizophrenia

20. Personality Disorders • Inflexible and enduring behavior patterns that impair social functioning • Usually without anxiety, depression, or delusions

21. Personality Disorders • Antisocial Personality Disorder • Inability to feel guilt, chronic lying, stealing, lack of loyalty • May be aggressive and ruthless or a clever con artist

22. Dissociative Disorders • conscious awareness becomes separated (dissociated) from previous memories, thoughts, and feelings • Dissociative Identity Disorder • a person exhibits two or more distinct and alternating personalities • Formerly: Multiple Personality Disorder

23. Percentage of Americans Who Have Ever Experienced Psychological Disorders EthnicityGender Disorder White Black Hispanic Men Women Totals Alcohol abuse or dependence 13.6% 13.8% 16.7% 23.8% 4.6% 13.8% Generalized anxiety 3.4 6.1 3.7 2.4 5.0 3.8 Phobia 9.7 23.4 12.2 10.4 17.7 14.3 Obsessive-compulsive disorder 2.6 2.3 1.8 2.0 3.0 2.6 Mood disorder 8.0 6.3 7.8 5.2 10.2 7.8 Schizophrenic disorder 1.4 2.1 0.8 1.2 1.7 1.5 Antisocial personality disorder 2.6 2.3 3.4 4.5 0.8 2.6 Rates of Psychological Disorders

24. Childhood • Conduct Disorder • ADHD - Inattentive, Hyperactive/Impulsive, Combined. • Tourette’s Disorder