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CHAPTER 1

Introduction to Psychology & Its Research Methods PowerPoint  Lecture Notes Presentation. CHAPTER 1. Lecture Overview. Introducing Psychology Origins of Psychology The Science of Psychology Research Methods Tools for Student Success. Introducing Psychology. What is psychology?

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CHAPTER 1

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  1. Introduction to Psychology & Its Research Methods PowerPoint  Lecture Notes Presentation CHAPTER 1 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010

  2. Lecture Overview • Introducing Psychology • Origins of Psychology • The Science of Psychology • Research Methods • Tools for Student Success © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010

  3. Introducing Psychology • What ispsychology? The scientific studyof behavior & mental processes. • Psychology focuses on critical thinking& isscientific. • Pseudopsychologies(e.g., psychics, mediums)are nonscientific. © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010

  4. Pause & Reflect: Psychology at Work • Psychology helps us scientifically evaluate common beliefs & misconceptions about behavior & mental processes. For example, can you identify which of the beliefs on the following slide are true or false? © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010

  5. True or False? • In general, we only use about 10% of our brain. • Most brain activity stops during sleep. • People who threaten suicide seldom follow through with it. • Similarity is the best predictor of long-term relationships. © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010

  6. Answers to These (& Other Common Beliefs) are Found Throughout Psychology in Action (9e) • In general, we only use about 10% of our brain. • False—(See Chapter 2) • Most brain activity stops during sleep. • False—(See Chapter 5) • People who threaten suicide seldom follow through with it. • False—(See Chapter 15) • Similarity is the best predictor of long-term relationships. • True—(See Chapter 16) © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010

  7. Introducing Psychology: Psychology’s Four Goals • Description: tells “what” occurred • Explanation: tells “why” a behavior or mental process occurred • Prediction: identifies conditions under which a future behavior or mental process is likely to occur • Change: applies psychological knowledge to prevent unwanted behavior or to bring about desired goals © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010

  8. Biopsychology/ Neuroscience Clinical & Counseling Psychology Cognitive Psychology Developmental Psychology Educational & School Psychology Experimental Psychology Introducing Psychology: Applying Psychology to Work (Sample Specialties) © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010

  9. Forensic Psychology Gender/Cultural Psychology Health Psychology Industrial/Organizational Psychology Social Psychology Applying Psychology to Work (Sample Specialties Continued) © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010

  10. Careers in Psychology: Percentage of Psychology Degrees by Specialty © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010

  11. Introducing Psychology: Ethnicities of Doctorate Recipients in Psychology © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010

  12. Origins of Psychology • Wilhelm Wundt:“father of psychology” • Structuralism: sought to identify the basic building blocks, or structures, of the mind through introspection (Titchenerkey leader) • Functionalism: studied how the mind functions to adapt organisms to their environment (James key leader) © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010

  13. Psychoanalytic/ Psychodynamic Perspective:unconscious processes & unresolved past conflicts (Freud = key founder) Origins of Psychology (Continued) Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010

  14. Behavioral Perspective:objective, observable environmental influences on overt behavior (Watson,Pavlov,& Skinner were key figures) Origins of Psychology (Continued) B. F. Skinner (1904-1990) © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010

  15. Origins of Psychology (Continued) • Humanistic Perspective: free will, self-actualization, & a positive, growth-seeking human nature (Rogers&Maslow were key figures) + = Carl Rogers (1902-1987) Abraham Maslow (1908-1970) © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010

  16. Cognitive Perspective:thinking, perceiving, problem solving, memory, language, & information processing Origins of Psychology (Continued) © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010

  17. Origins of Psychology (Continued) • Neuroscience/ Biopsychology Perspective:genetics & other biological processes in the brain & other parts of the nervous system © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010

  18. Origins of Psychology (Continued) • Evolutionary Perspective:natural selection, adaptation, & evolution • Sociocultural Perspective:social interaction & cultural determinants © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010

  19. Origins of Psychology: One Unifying Theme of Modern Psychology • Biopsychosocial model: combines all seven major perspectives © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010

  20. Why do psychologists & other scientists need multiple perspectives? (One possible answer appears on the next slide.) Pause & Reflect: Critical Thinking © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010

  21. Multiple perspectives allow psychologists to better understand research & complex behavior & mental processes. Do See a Vase &/0r Two Faces? © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010

  22. The Science of Psychology • Basic Research: conducted to advance scientific knowledge • Applied Research: designed to solve practical problems © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010

  23. Pause & Reflect: Assessment • Is this an example of basic or applied research? © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010

  24. The Scientific Method © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010

  25. The Science of Psychology: Ethical Guidelines • Ethical Guidelines for Human Research Participants: • Informed consent • Voluntary participation • Restricted use of deception • Debriefing • Confidentiality • Alternative activities © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010

  26. The Science of Psychology: Ethical Guidelines (Continued) • Rights of Nonhuman Participants: Advocates believe nonhuman research offers significant scientific benefits. Opponents question these benefits & suggest nonhuman animals cannot giveinformed consent. • General Guidelines: Psychologists must maintain high standards for both human & nonhuman animal research. © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010

  27. Pause & Reflect: Assessment • What are the four major goals of psychology? • The _____ perspective focuses onnatural selection, adaptation, & evolution. © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010

  28. Research Methods • Four key research methods: • Experimental • Descriptive • Correlational • Biological © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010

  29. © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010 Art of Prediction

  30. Four Key Research Methods (Continued) 1. Experimental Research: carefully controlled scientific procedure that manipulates variables to determine cause & effect © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010

  31. Research Methods—Experimental (Continued) • Key features of an experiment: • Independent variable (factor that is manipulated) versus dependent variable (factor that is measured) • Experimental group (receives treatment) versus control group (receives no treatment) © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010

  32. Does TV increase aggression? Only an experiment can determinecause & effect. © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010

  33. Research Methods—Experimental (Continued) • Potentialresearcherproblems: • Experimenter bias(researcher influences the research results in the expected direction) • Ethnocentrism(believing one's culture is typical of all cultures) © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010

  34. Research Methods—Experimental (Continued) • Potentialparticipantproblems: • Sample bias:research participants are unrepresentative of the larger population • Participant bias:research participants are influenced by the researcher or experimental conditions © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010

  35. Research Methods—Experimental (Continued) © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010

  36. Research Methods—Descriptive • 2. Descriptive Research: observes & records behavior without producing causal explanations © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010

  37. Research Methods—Descriptive Three types of descriptive research: • Naturalistic Observation:observation & recording of behavior in natural state or habitat • Survey:assessment of a sample or population • Case Study:in-depth study of a single participant © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010

  38. Pause & Reflect: Psychology at Work • What is the advantage of studying psychological research methods like naturalistic observation? (One possible answer appears on the next slide.) © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010

  39. Do You Get it? Studying Psychology Helps You “Get” the Underlying Humor of Many Cartoons © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010

  40. Research Methods—Correlational 3. Correlational Research: observes or measures (without directly manipulating) two or more variables to find relationshipsbetween them © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010

  41. Positive Correlation: two variables move (or vary) in the samedirection—either up or down Research Methods—Correlational © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010

  42. Negative Correlation: two variables move (or vary) in the oppositedirection—either up or down Research Methods—Correlational © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010

  43. Zero Correlation:no relationship between two variables (when one variable increases, the other can increase,decrease, or stay the same) Research Methods—Correlational © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010

  44. Research Methods—Correlational © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010

  45. Research Methods—Correlational • Can you see why correlation can never show cause & effect? © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010

  46. Research Methods—Biological 4. Biological Research: scientific studies of the brain & other parts of the nervous system © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010

  47. Pause & Reflect: Assessment • Why is an experiment the only way we can determine cause & effect? • What is the difference between a positive correlation & a negative correlation? © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010

  48. Tools for Student Success © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010

  49. Tools for Student Success (Continued) • Four major tools: • Active Reading (SQ4R) • Time Management (setting up a realistic study, social, & work schedule) • Grade Improvement (note taking, study habits, test-taking tips) • Additional Resources (instructors, classmates, study groups, etc.) © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010

  50. Can You Identify the Real U.S. Penny? © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010

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