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Reasoning and Logical Fallacies

Reasoning and Logical Fallacies. When people evade an argument. Inductive Reasoning. Facts and examples are used to decide on a next step, draw a conclusion, or make a correct generalization. Deductive Reasoning.

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Reasoning and Logical Fallacies

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  1. Reasoning and Logical Fallacies When people evade an argument

  2. Inductive Reasoning • Facts and examples are used to decide on a next step, draw a conclusion, or make a correct generalization.

  3. Deductive Reasoning • Make a general statement and then look for specific examples that match the general statement.

  4. Logical Fallacies • Type 1: Avoid the Issue • Type 2: Omit Key Points • Type 3: Ignore Other Alternatives

  5. Avoiding The Issue • Name Calling or Ad Hominem • Circular Reasoning or Begging the Question • Evade or Dodge the Issue

  6. Omitting Key Points • Oversimplification • Overgeneralization

  7. Ignoring Other Alternatives • Either/Or • Slippery Slope • False Cause • False Analogy • False Authority

  8. Ad Hominem (AKA Name Calling) • This type of logical fallacy does exactly what its name suggests. • Calling someone stupid instead of responding to an argument.

  9. Circular Reasoning: Begging the Question • A person says the same thing they already said, but uses different words. • “Hats in schools should be prohibited because hats are not allowed in schools.”

  10. Evading The Issue • When someone is making an argument, and he or she gives supporting examples or reasons that do not support the main idea being argued, he or she is evading the issue. • “Our football coach should be replaced. Our baseball coach is great.”

  11. Oversimplification • When someone omits, or leaves out, important key ideas when making an argument. • “Fast food restaurants are the cause of overweight people in America.”

  12. Overgeneralization • Another example of important key ideas being omitted in an argument • Signal words for overgeneralization: always, totally, completely, never, etc. • “My mom never understands me.”

  13. Either/or • All alternatives are not offered in an argument • There is only an either/or choice given • “You either get your homework done now, or you won’t get it done at all.”

  14. Slippery Slope • When an argument suggests that one thing will lead to something else, when in reality it may not. • “If I let Adam eat a brownie, I’ll have to let your other brothers and sisters have anything they want.”

  15. False Cause • When someone argues that something causes something when it really does not. • “The water overflowed in the bathtub because the TV was on.”

  16. False Analogy • When someone makes a comparison that doesn’t make sense • “My father can’t make up his mind. He is like a teenager.”

  17. False Authority • If someone uses an “expert” to prove a point, the “expert” must actually be that. • One cannot use an “expert opinion” if the “expert” is not an expert in the topic being discussed. • “Japan’s killing of whales makes the ocean cleaner,” reported Rufus Rockhead, Ph.D. in Geology.

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