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The Jazz Age and the KKK. Klan Resurgence > Timeline of Klan History. founded during Reconstruction, collapsed in 1870s revived in 1915 (in part because of the movie Birth of a Nation ) resurgence of popularity in the 1920s, but collapsed again by the 1930s again reappears in the 1950s.
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Klan Resurgence > Timeline of Klan History • founded during Reconstruction, collapsed in 1870s • revived in 1915 (in part because of the movie Birth of a Nation) • resurgence of popularity in the 1920s, but collapsed again by the 1930s • again reappears in the 1950s
Klan Resurgence > Poster for the Film The Birth of a Nation by W.G. Griffith (1915)
Klan Resurgence > NAACP Protest the Screening of The Birth of a Nation, 1947
Klan Resurgence > Key Scenes in The Birth of a Nation • intertitles drawn from A History of the American People (1902) by then-president Woodrow Wilson • black legislators lolling in their chairs in the South Carolina legislature in the early 1870s • white children don white sheets and scare black children nearby, “inspiring” Klan outfits • Klansmen dump the body of the character Gus, an African American, who they had killed for causing a young white woman, Flora, to jump off a cliff
Klan in the 1920s > Social Movements Supported by the Klan • prohibition • anti-immigrant sentiments • anti-radicalism • religious fundamentalism • morality and family values
Klan in the 1920s > Different Historical Explanations of the Klan • racist and nativist movement • populist movement • reform movement • reactionary movement
Immigration Act of 1924 (The Johnson-Reed Act) • Based ceilings on the number of immigrants from any particular nation on 2 percent of each nationality recorded in the 1890 census • Was directed against immigrants from Southern and Eastern Europe who arrived in large numbers after 1890 • Barred all immigrants ineligible for citizenship on racial grounds, including all south and east Asians (including Indians, Japanese, and Chinese)
Immigration Act of 1924 > Annual Immigration Quotas • Germany - 51,227 • Great Britain - 34,007 • Ireland - 28,567 • Italy - 3,845 • Hungary - 473 • Greece - 100 • Egypt - 100
Immigration Act of 1924 > Map of Europe, Literary Digest, 1924
Prosperity > Who Prospered in the 1920s? • 1200 mergers caused the disappearance of over 600 independent enterprises • top 0.1% of U.S. families in 1929 had combined income as large as bottom 42% • i. e. approx 24,000 families had combined income as large as 11.5 million poor and lower-class families • per capita income in the U.S. rose 9% between 1920-1929 • per capita income for the top 24,000 families rose 75% • 80% of families had no savings • farmers did not prosper - 1/4 of all employment • less than 10% invested in the stock market
Prosperity > Bruce Barton, author of The Man Nobody Knows, here with Hollywood producer Cecil B. DeMille, 1920s
Prosperity > Welfare Capitalism: Shoe Company’s Billboard Ad, 1923
Great Migration > Social Patterns • from rural areas to cities • from the South to the North • Appalachian whites • Puerto Ricans • African Americans
Great Migration > Motives • immigration slows down because of WW I • more work because of WW I • more jobs for groups previously left out--women, rural migrants, racial minorities • racial segregation and violence in the South • sharecropping • natural disasters such as floods and boll weevil infestations • conscious choice on the part of migrants (many did not leave)
Harlem Renaissance > Marcus Garvey’s Supporters Parade in Harlem
Harlem Renaissance > NAACP Anti-Lynching Ad in the New York Times
Harlem Renaissance > Zora Neale Hurston Photo by Carl Van Vechten
Harlem Renaissance > The Crisis Ad for Black Swan Records, 1923
New Woman > Magazine illustrations: “Gibson Girls” by Charles Gibson--a beauty standard of the 1900s--and a flapper by John Held, Jr. from the 1920s
New Woman > Suffragists picketing the White House, January 1917
New Woman > John Held, Jr.: Flappers have no manners or brains
New Woman > John Held, Jr.: “It’s all right, Santa-- you can come in. My parents still believe in you.”
New Woman > John Held, Jr., dustjackets for F. Scott Fitzgerald novels
New Woman > Film Actress Louise Brooks and a comic strip she inspired
New Woman > Actress Clara Bow, the ultimate flapper in It (1927) and Dangerous Curves (1929)