Workbook Pages for Romanization Unit: Pg. 114 – 3 & 4 Pg. 118 - all Pg. 119 - 7 only

1. Workbook Pages for Romanization Unit: • Pg. 114 – 3 & 4 • Pg. 118 - all • Pg. 119 - 7 only • Pg. 123 1, 2 & 3 • Pg. 129 all • Pg. 130 7 & 8 • Pg. 131 all • Pg. 134 1, 2 & 3 • Pg. 135 5, 6 & 7

2. Romanization

3. How did Rome become a vast empire? • The Roman army was powerful and well-organized. • Its military conquered (defeated) the entire Mediterranean region. • Army generals knew how to win on the battlefield (effective military tactics).

4. Rome as a Kingdom: It began over 2,750 years ago as a small village, located on the Italian peninsula in Europe. They had fertile soil & fresh water.

5. At the beginning, Rome was ruled by a king. The first king was the mythical Romulus. All the kings thereafter claimed they were directly related to Romulus, and that gave them the right to rule.

6. The Legend of Romulus & Remus Rhea was married to Mars, the Roman god of war. Rhea had twin sons. She loved her boys, but there were plots afoot by other gods and goddesses to harm her father, herself, her husband, and her children. To protect the boys, she set them adrift on the river, hoping someone would find them. Who would not love such beautiful boys? Sure enough, first they were found by a she-wolf who fed them. Then a shepherd and his wife adopted the boys.  As the twins grew older, they decided they did not want to take care of sheep. They wanted to be kings. They decided to build a city on the shores of the Tiber. They both wanted to be the only king. They quarreled. In a fit of rage, Romulus picked up a rock, killed his brother, and made himself king.  That’s how Rome started.

7. The Circus Maximus  It was a race track. It seated 250,000 people. It burnt down several times. It was eventually rebuilt using marble & concrete.

8. Roman Theatre & Pantomime Romans loved live theatre. Plays were only performed during religious ceremonies & festivals (over 200 holidays a year). Wealthy nobles would pay the bill, in honor of the gods, and give the play to the people as a gift.

9. The actors were men. They wore simple costumes. The same actor would play several roles. They held up happy or sad face masks to help the audience understand what was going on in the play.  Roman actors used a technique called pantomime. Pantomime is a play without words.

10. Horatius at the Bridge The last king, Tarquin the Proud, did not treat people fairly. King Tarquin was cruel, mean, horrible and he was hated by his people.

11. The legend known as Horatius at the Bridge explains how the Romans got rid of their last king. This story helped to build the reputation of Rome's army & that it was a protected city, watched over by the gods.

12. Horatius at the Bridge

13. As the story goes ... Once upon a time, a long time ago, the ancient Romans said, “Enough. We’ve had it with you, King Tarquin the Proud, the Mean, the Nasty and the Unfair. Go away. Leave our city.” They threw him out. Well, Tarquin the Proud didn’t like that much. He went to the Etruscans and said, “I need some help. Rome threw me out. They must pay.” The Etruscans said, “Sure, we’ll give you some help. We’ll give you an army.” Back Tarquin came.

14. Rome was taken by surprise. The people who lived in the surrounding countryside fled towards Rome as fast as they could. They poured across the narrow wooden bridge over the Tiber that connected Rome with its farm fields on the other side, seeking refuge in the walled city of Rome. The Etruscan army was on their heels.

15. Inside the city, the Romans were in such a panic, they forgot to destroy the bridge, or perhaps it never occurred to them to do so. Led by Tarquin the Proud, who knew his way around Rome pretty well, the Etruscan army headed for narrowest piece of the Tiber, where of course the Romans had built their bridge. Imagine their delight when they discovered that the Romans had left the bridge for them to cross. They would not have to swim the Tiber to reach Rome.

16. It was disaster. If the Etruscans crossed the bridge, they would take Rome. Horatius, a young Roman soldier, called to his friends, “Come on! We’ll hold the bridge while the others chop it down.” His friends froze. They were terrified at the thought of facing an entire army. “Then at least chop the bridge down while I hold them off alone,” Horatius pleaded.

17. He stood on the bridge and faced the Etruscan army alone. “Who among you is brave enough to face a Roman soldier,” he shouted. The Etruscans threw spears at him. But they were some distance away, and the bridge itself gave Horatius protection. Horatius stood firm, fighting like a hero. When the Etruscans tried to cross the narrow bridge, Horatius cut them down. Two of his friends rushed out to help him. Behind them, other young soldiers were frantically sawing at the heavy cords that held the bridge. 

18. Horatius felt the bridge give way. “Go back,” he shouted at his friends. His friends raced for the protection of the walled city. It was hopeless, they thought. One man cannot stop an army. Only the gods could save them now. As the bridge began to fall, Horatius turned and dived into the Tiber. The gods were with him. He swam back to Rome safely, and received a hero’s welcome.

19. The Etruscan army fell back. How could one man face an army and live? It was an omen. They did not wish to anger the gods. It was true what they said about Rome. It was a divine city. Tarquin the Proud screamed and shouted and carried on something awful. But nothing he said convinced the Etruscan army to swim the Tiber and fight Rome. The Etruscan army went home. And they never came back again.

20. As the story goes, when the last king of Rome was overthrown in 510 BCE, over 2500 years ago, the Roman people vowed NEVER TO BE RULED BY A KING AGAIN. Nor were they. Rome went on to establish, for the first time in history, a government by the people and for the people of Rome. They called it the Roman Republic.

21. The Roman Republic (509 BC - 29 BC) The REPUBLIC (a country without a King or Emperor) was set up to make sure that there weren't any more tyrants in charge of Rome.

22. Roman Republic: 3 main parts of government

23. The 2 Consuls They were the head of government (highest position). They controlled the army!  Background Info: They were members of the Senate. They were elected to serve for one year.

24. The Senate They were the law makers. They controlled spending. Background Info: Senators came from rich, wealthy families called patricians. Members of the Senate were not elected. They were chosen by the 2 Consuls. Once chosen, they served for life. 300 senators in total.

25. The Assembly The Assembly held meetings in the Forum to vote for or suggested laws. Background Info: It had limited power… It could vote for or suggest laws, but the Senate could block its decisions. (ex: It could vote to declare war, but again, the Senate could block their decision).  Plebeians made up the Assembly.

26. The Assembly did have one impressive power! The Assembly voted each year on which two members of the Senate would serve as Consuls. If you wanted to rise to the level of Consul, the highest position, you needed to gain the support of the assembly (plebeian class!) Most of the people in Rome fell under this class.

27. Roman Institutions Under the Empire 1. The Emperor Head of the army and government Controlled all institutions Chosen by the army He appointed (to choose someone for a position/job) the senators, the governors and senior officials. Proposed laws to the magistrates.

28. 2.Governors and Senior Officials • Governors led the provinces. • Most governors were former local chiefs of these provinces who had become Romanized. • They applied the laws. • They managed the administration of these provinces.

29. 3. Senators • They were appointed for life by the emperor. • They managed foreign policy. • They were former magistrates. • They supervised the current magistrates.

30. 4. Magistrates • Quaestors (finance) • Aediles (maintenance) • Praetors (justice) • Consuls (military) • Magistrates were elected by the people. 5. Roman Citizens • They voted on laws. • They elected the magistrates.

31. The great Orators of Rome In ancient Rome, certainly money talked, but so did those who had the power of speech. The Romans loved a great orator. When the Assembly met, down at the Forum, many speeches were going on at the same time. One speaker might say, "Rome's roads need repair!" Another speaker might say, "We need to stop crime in the streets." If you wanted your speech to have an impact, it did not matter how rich or poor you were. What mattered was how persuasive you were as a speaker.    

32. Roman Citizenship • Men only • They completed military training and pay taxes. • As the Empire expanded, the right to Roman citizenship was extended to people of conquered territories Criteria for Candidates: • Be an ally and settle in Rome • Report someone who had misbehaved or render a service to the city • Serve in the army • Be considered Romanized (adopted Latin & way of life)

33. Roman Social Groups Roman Citizens were either patricians or plebeians (Merchants and peasants). Peregrins (Free foreigners/immigrants!) Freed slaves (freed by their masters or who had bought their freedom) Slaves

34. Roman Law (Rise of the Republic) Only the patricians were allowed to lead the city. Laws were unfair because they were not applied the same way for all citizens. To fix this situation, the plebeians were given new powers and a written code of laws was finally established: Law of the Twelve Tables.

35. The Evolution of Roman Law • Law of the Twelve Tables (451BC- 449 BC) It stated the following: • All citizens were equal before the law. • All privileges ended. • Arbitrary decisions also ended. • An arbitrary decision is one made without considering the facts and circumstances presented, and it suggests that evidence may be ignored.

36. Law of the Twelve Tables Civil law: • Set of laws dealing with the rights of private citizens. Criminal law: • Set of laws that apply to crimes. • The code of laws was secular (non-religious).

37. 2. Perpetual Edict • Emperor Hadrian created it. • It ensured equal justice for all. • It imposed a uniform (same) order and rule of law throughout all the Roman provinces. • It defended slaves against their masters.

38. 3. Justinian Code • It was created around 527 AD by Emperor Justinian. • This code reformed (changed) Roman law. • This code set the foundation for modern civil law. Established Principals: • It stated that one can only be judged for one’s actions and not for one’s thoughts. • The accuser was responsible for proving the guilt of the accused. (485 AD-565 AD)

39. The Forum The Forum was the main marketplace, a business center and a place for public speaking.

40. Orators (public speakers) knew how to argue persuasively (convincingly)!   It was also used for festivals/religious ceremonies.

41. The Roman Legion Used chain mail (a cloth made of circular links). Used scale armor (small metal plates sewn together on a linen/leather backing). Some armor was made of leather, with metal on the inside.

42. Army was organized into legions. Each legion has 6 000 soldiers called legionaries and was led by a tribune. Legions were split into centuries that were led by a centurion.

43. Insubordination (failure to obey an order from a superior) was severely punished: a legionary could deprived of his wages, be demoted (lose military rank) or even beheaded. • They served for 25 years before retiring (career). • They were given land and a pension. • They were intimidating (most people gave up without a fight when legionaries marched into a region).

44. Roman Roads and Trade There’s an old expression, "All roads lead to Rome." A road was always built from a conquered city back to Rome. Were built in straight lines/had gutters. Built road signs called milestones along the side of roads (they told how far it was back to Rome). 

45. The provinces took advantage of Rome`s road system to export their products. • Most of the products were sold in Rome, where the wealthiest inhabitants lived. • Provinces supplied Rome with natural resources (ex: wood), finished products (ex: carpets) and slaves.

46. The Provinces A province was a geographic area outside of Italy, ruled by Rome. They were countries or regions that Rome had conquered (had valuable resources). They provided manpower, taxes and natural resources (ex: gold) to Rome. Tax money was used to maintain the army and public buildings, and to pay civil servants (government workers).

47. It also allowed the emperor to offer bread and circuses at the Coliseum and Circus Maximus. • This gained the sympathy of the poor and avoided any attempt of rebellion.

48. The Punic Wars & Hannibal of Carthage (264 BC to 146 BC) A long time ago, when Rome was a Republic, a big fight broke out between Rome and Carthage. Carthage was a big city in North Africa, about 300 miles from Rome. Carthage and Rome had never liked each other. But they had pretty much left each other alone in the past. Both cities were busy building empires of their own.

49. First Punic War One day, Rome took a good look at how big Carthage was getting. The problem, as Rome saw it, was that Carthage controlled three islands off the coast of Italy. That was too close for comfort. Rome decided that Carthage needed to join the Republic. Carthage disagreed. Carthage and Rome fought for 20 years. This was the first Punic War. Nobody won. After 20 years of fighting, all they had accomplished was to kill a lot of people and to cause a lot of hatred.  The capture of the Carthaginian fleet by the Romans during the First Punic War. Roman soldiers are walking across the corvus of their fleet to board and attack a Carthaginian ship.

50. To end the fighting, Carthage offered Rome a deal. They said: “If you’ll go away and leave us alone, we’ll give you the island of Sicily.” Rome took the deal. They also took Sardinia and Corsica, the other two islands off the coast of Italy. Carthage was furious. But they were tired of fighting Rome. Carthage decided to fight Spain instead, and make up the land they had lost there.   Map of Rome and Carthage at the start of the Second Punic War