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The Man Behind the Mole By Haley Streeter and Minna K.

Amedeo Avogadro. The Man Behind the Mole By Haley Streeter and Minna K. . A Brief Biography . He was born in Turin, Italy to a wealthy family of mostly lawyers. He received a great education, and in time, he too became a lawyer. Born: August 9 th , 1776 Died: July 9th, 1856

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The Man Behind the Mole By Haley Streeter and Minna K.

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  1. Amedeo Avogadro The Man Behind the Mole By Haley Streeter and Minna K.

  2. A Brief Biography He was born in Turin, Italy to a wealthy family of mostly lawyers. He received a great education, and in time, he too became a lawyer. Born: August 9th, 1776 Died: July 9th, 1856 When His Hypothesis Became Generally Accepted: After 1858

  3. CONTINUED…

  4. A Brief Biography He served in the courts during the French occupation and the Restoration. His passion was for the study of physics and mathematics, which he pursued first as an amateur. Little is known about Avogadro's private life; he appears to have been both well-educated and religious. He married Felicita Mazzé and had six children. He graduated in ecclesiastical law at the age of 20. Soon after, he dedicated himself to *positive philosophy and in 1809 started teaching it at a high school in Vercelli, where his family had property. *Ecclesiastical or Canon Law is the body of codified laws governing the affairs of a Christian church *Physics and Math

  5. Scientific Research Avogadro’s Law He hypothesized that two given samples of an ideal gas, same temperature, pressure and volume, contain the same number of molecules. Avogadro's law (sometimes referred to as Avogadro's hypothesis or principle) is a gas law named after Amedeo Avogadro.

  6. Vis the volume of the gas. • n is the amount of substanceor Mole of the gas. • K is a proportionality • constant. • A proportionality constant is two quantities that have a constant ratio. Avogadro’s Law In Mathematic Form: V ____ = K n

  7. Major contributions •Amedeo Avogadro is usually known for his about how gases are made up of particles. Dalton had this idea before Lussac and Avogadro, but both Dalton and Lussac thought it was incorrect. • Avogadro’s inspiration was Dalton’s ideas of gases and atomic weights.

  8. Amedeo’s contributions Introduced the basic unit called the mole Discovered that equal volumes of all gases at the same temperature and pressure contain the same number of chemical units We now know that a mole contains 6.022137 x 1023 atoms or molecules of a single type of substance (known as Avogadro’s number) His scientific papers and essays have gained him a reputation as a major contributor to the atomic theory of matter Avogadro’s number not only helps us to determine molar mass but also to indirectly determine atomic mass

  9. Chemistry was just beginning to become an exact science. The Law of Definite Proportions and the Law of Multiple Proportions were well accepted by 1808, at which time John Dalton published his New System of Chemical Philosophy. Contributions Explained In order to understand the contributions that Avogadro made, consider some of the ideas being developed at this time. In 1811, Avogadro published an article in Journal de physique that explained the difference between molecules and atoms. He pointed out that Dalton had confused the concepts of atoms and molecules. The "atoms" of nitrogen and oxygen were really "molecules" containing two atoms each.

  10. During the nineteenth century, it was possible to create reasonable estimations of Avogadro's number from sedimentation measurements of colloidal particles. • In the twentieth century, Mullikan's oil drop experiment was more accurate than the original experiment , therefore was used instead. Amedeo’s Experiment

  11. Explanation of Experiment • Lussac demonstrated that the particles in a gas are not in contact with each other and actually make up only a very small fraction of the gas itself. Most of the gas is empty space. So the size and shape of atoms in the gas are irrelevant. • Avogadro made one further suggestion to clarify Lussac's results. Consider a case with water. Lussac showed that: two volumes of hydrogen + one volume of oxygen = two volumes of water. IMPOSSIBLE

  12. So…why is it ‘Impossible’? The same result can be expressed as: two particles of hydrogen (H H) + one particle of oxygen (O) = two particles of water (H-O H-O). (At the time, water was thought to consist of one atom of hydrogen and one atom of oxygen.) Because you cannot begin with one particle of oxygen and end with two.

  13. The solution Avogadro suggested is that the smallest particle of an element can sometimes consist of two atoms joined together in a molecule, a term he invented for the new particle. If the smallest particle of oxygen is a molecule of oxygen, we can explain Gay-Lussac's results as follows: two particles of hydrodgen (H H) + one particle of oxygen (O-O) = two particles of water (H-O H-O).

  14. Avogadro’s Number Because they are so small, atoms and molecules cannot be counted by the human eye. Instead, we’ve developed a bunch of indirect ways. The mole is important to us scientists because it connects the world that we can’t see to the world we can measure. The number will of course depend both on the formula of the substance and on the weight of the sample. But if we consider a weight of substance that is the same as its formula (molecular) weight expressed in grams, we have only one number to know: Avogadro's number, 6.022137 × 1023, usually designated byNA. The work of Avogadro was almost completely neglected until it was forcefully presented by StanislaoCannizarro at the Karlsruhe Conference in 1860. He showed that Avogadro's Principle could be used to determine not only molar masses, but also, indirectly, atomic masses. • In 1811, Amedeo first proposed that the volume of a gas (at a given pressure and temperature) is proportional to the number of atoms or molecules regardless of the nature of the gas. The French physicist Jean Perrin in 1909 proposed naming the constant in honor of Avogadro. • One mole of carbon is 6.022 x 1023 atoms of carbon (Avogadro's number).

  15. His Influence Avogadro’s Law is one of the most fundamental principles of Chemistry and it allows to make every calculation with whatever amount of atoms or molecules in order to study and balance chemical reactions. It was stated in 1811 by the Italian chemist Amedeo Avogadro (1776-1856) and it affirms that: "Equal volumes of gases at the same pressure P and temperature T contain the same number of atoms or molecules, regardless their chemical nature and physical properties". Avogadro's suggestions expanded and improved on Dalton's atomic theory. For a number of reasons, however, his ideas were largely ignored for half a century. Not until StanislaoCannizarro began to spread Avogadro's ideas in the 1850s did chemists finally understand and adopt them

  16. Fun Facts About The Mole • Did you know that an Avogadro's number of standard soft drink cans would cover the surface of the earth 200 miles deep? • Did you know that if you had Avogadro's number of unpopped popcorn kernels, and spread them across the U.S., the country would be covered in popcorn 9 miles deep? • If you could count at a speed of 10 million atoms per second it would take you 2 billion years to count up to all the atoms in a mole?

  17. Thank You For Your Attention

  18. Reference List • Sarti, Roland. "Avogadro, Amedeo." Italy: A Reference Guide from the Renaissance to the Present, European Nations. New York: Facts On File, Inc., 2004. Modern World History Online. Facts on File, Inc. http://www.fofweb.com/activelink2.asp? (Accessed October 16, 2010). 2. Anne Marie Helmenstine, Ph.D.Amedeo Avogadro Biography: History of Avogadro. October 17, 2010. http://chemistry.about.com/od/famouschemists/a/avogadro.htm • Chris Johnson. Avagadro – The Man. October 17, 2010. http://www.bulldog.u-net.com/avogadro/avoga.html • Amedeo Avogadro. October 17, 2010. http://www.chemheritage.org/discover/chemistry-in-history/themes/the-path-to-the-periodic-table/avogadro.aspx

  19. Sources Contributor: Melvyn C. Usselman, Ph.D., Professor of Chemistry, University of Western Ontario. How to cite this article:To cite this article, World Book recommends the following format: Usselman, Melvyn C. "Avogadro, Amedeo." World Book Student. World Book, 2010. Web. 17 Oct. 2010. Sarti, Roland. "Avogadro, Amedeo." Italy: A Reference Guide from the Renaissance to the Present, European Nations. New York: Facts On File, Inc., 2004. Modern World History Online. Facts On File, Inc. http://www.fofweb.com/activelink2.asp?ItemID=WE53&iPin=ITA0078&SingleRecord=True (accessed October 16, 2010). http://www.bulldog.u-net.com/avogadro/avoga.html http://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.mrflint.com/images/mole.gif&imgrefurl=http://www.mrflint.com/features/mole/index.html&usg=__ObVtSiHv2gCBrrwrBhw7z33LJLs=&h=220&w=119&sz=8&hl=en&start=0&sig2=ON40DTbhhgMl0U0vpj16BQ&zoom=1&tbnid=ZlicAmDA7vF1aM:&tbnh=161&tbnw=87&ei=pnG6TJOrIYWssAP7zZzPDw&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dscientific%2Bmole%26hl%3Den%26biw%3D1152%26bih%3D651%26gbv%3D2%26tbs%3Disch:1&itbs=1&iact=hc&vpx=532&vpy=136&dur=2033&hovh=176&hovw=95&tx=75&ty=135&oei=pnG6TJOrIYWssAP7zZzPDw&esq=1&page=1&ndsp=17&ved=1t:429,r:2,s:0 http://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.brooklyn.cuny.edu/bc/ahp/AVC/MacroInv/Protein/graphics/moleOne.gif&imgrefurl=http://www.brooklyn.cuny.edu/bc/ahp/AVC/MacroInv/Protein/VCB_Protein_Inv.html&usg=__xzMvdPtQjgfvt_A3DKamrkdiOFE=&h=300&w=200&sz=33&hl=en&start=54&sig2=AwQne4jxL1sapp54l0QUsw&zoom=1&tbnid=dEOyhtG4CnQcCM:&tbnh=167&tbnw=111&ei=_HK6TIG2CoP6sAOpvJyADw&prev=/images%3Fq%3Damedeo%2Bavogadro%26hl%3Den%26biw%3D1152%26bih%3D651%26gbv%3D2%26tbs%3Disch:10%2C1643&itbs=1&iact=hc&vpx=715&vpy=232&dur=4035&hovh=240&hovw=160&tx=73&ty=166&oei=8nK6TPjqO4KcsQOPp9HkDg&esq=4&page=4&ndsp=16&ved=1t:429,r:8,s:54&biw=1152&bih=651 stkate.edu

  20. Citations for Pictures 1) Amedeo Avogadro: http://reich-chemistry.wikispaces.com/file/view/avogadro.jpg/96582570/avogadro.jpg 2) Animated Mole: http://www2.waterforduhs.k12.wi.us/staffweb/Sciencefolder/Mole%20Day/MOLE_DAY_EXPLOD.gif 3) Whack –a…: http://www.lynnclassical.org/lynn%20images/DSCN0481.JPG 4)Mole Antonelliana: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Mole_Antonelliana01.jpg/350px-Mole_Antonelliana01.jpg 5) Mole With Pencil: http://metevil.tripod.com/moleday/pencilmole.jpg 6) Mole of Fortune: http://www.holidayforeveryday.com/wp-content/mole_of_fortune_2.jpg 7) Animated Mole: http://www2.waterforduhs.k12.wi.us/staffweb/Sciencefolder/animated%20gifs/morty_mole_in_hole_lg_clr.gif 8) Amedeo Avogadro: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3d/Avogadro_Amedeo.jpg

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