Taxonomy - Chap 14 and 19

1. Taxonomy - Chap 14 and 19 • Taxonomy is the science of naming and classifying organisms • The system used by biologists is called the Linnnaean System. • Carl Linnaeus was a Swedish biologist in the mid-1700s • He popularized a system of grouping organisms according to like characteristics and giving each group a specific name.

2. Taxonomy • The most important part of this system was the use of binomial nomenclature • Binomial nomenclature is the use of a two word name to identify individual species, i.e. Anampseschrysocephalusis the Psychedelic Wrasse. • Many of the species Linnaeus named in 1753 still have the two-part names he gave them.

3. Taxonomy • The first part of the name is the genus. • A genus is a group of closely related species. • Most hybrids are between two species in the same genus. • The genus is always capitalized. • The second part of the name is the species name. • A species is a group of organisms that are capable of interbreeding and can produce fertile offspring of both sexes. • The species name is never capitalized.

4. Taxonomy • Saccopharynxharrisoni • Genus : Saccopharynx • Species : harrisoni • Other species in the same genus include berteli, hjorti, flagellum andthalassa

5. Common Name vs. Scientific Name • Scientific name: • Nasolituratus • Common Names: • OrangespineUnicornfish • Orangespine Tang • Naso Tang • Orange Lipstick Surgeonfish • Umaumalei(Hawaiian name)

6. Higher Levels of Classification • There are 8 levels of classification. • Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species • Each level of classification is based on characteristics that are shared by all organisms in that level. • A handy mnemonic: • Dumb Kids Play Checkers On Freeways Get Smashed. • Danish Kings Play Chess On Fat Green Stools. • Daringly Keeping Precious Creatures Organized For Grumpy Scientists

7. A Sample Organism

8. The American Lobster • Domain: Eukarya- made of eukaryotic cells • Kingdom: Animalia – multicellular heterotroph whose cells lack cell walls • Phylum: Arthropoda – jointed appendages, exoskeleton, and a segmented body • Subphylum: Crustacea – Use gills to breathe, have antennae • Class: Malacostraca – 3 body segments with 5 head segments, 8 thorax segments and 6 abdomen segments • Order: Decapoda – ten legs • Family: Nephropidae – clawed lobsters • Genus: Homarus – Atlantic clawed lobsters • Species: americanus– American Lobster

9. Domains • There are three domains. • Archaea – Unicellular prokaryotes, often found in harsh environments • Bacteria – Unicellular prokaryotes, found everywhere • Eukarya – Uni or Multicellular organisms • Most non-microscopic life is included in this domain.

10. Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic • All cells can be divided into two types • Prokaryotic cells don’t have a nucleus. • All prokaryotes are unicellular. • Eukaryotic cells have a nucleus • Eukaryotes can be either unicellular or multicellular.

11. Archaea • Contains one kingdom, Archaebacteria • Unicellular prokaryotes • Archaebacteria are often found in extreme environments, such as hot springs or salty lakes. • Thermophiles live in very hot places, up to 106 degrees celsius! • Acidophiles live in water as acidic as sulfuric acid! • However, some live in the same environments bacteria do.

12. Bacteria • Contains one kingdom, Bacteria • The most abundant organisms on earth! • Unicellular prokaryotes • Some live without oxygen, called anaerobes. • Some use inorganic compounds such as ammonia or methane to make energy.

13. Eukarya • The domain Eukarya is made of four kingdoms. • Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia • All organisms in the domain Eukarya are eukaryotes. • Most are multicellular, some are unicellular. • Some are microscopic, but most can be seen with the naked eye. • Eukarya is the only domain that has organisms that undergo true sexual reproduction.

14. Protista • The “garbage” kingdom • If an organism isn’t a plant, an animal or a fungus, it’s a protist. • Many are unicellular, in fact, all unicellular eukaryotes (except yeasts) are included in kingdom Protista. • Because they are a “garbage” kingdom, they have diverse characteristics. • Notable types of protists: • Algaes and kelps • Diatoms • Dinoflagellates • Slime Molds

15. Protista

16. Fungi • Fungi include mushrooms, molds and yeasts. • All fungi are multicellular except yeasts. • Like animals, all fungi get their energy from eating. • Fungi secrete digestive enzymes onto whatever they are growing. • Most are decomposers that live on dead organisms, but some are parasites.

17. Plantae • Kingdom Plantae includes all the plants. • All are multicellular. • All are autotrophs, which means they convert the sunlight into energy. • They are non-motile, which means they can’t move from place to place. • Many of their adaptations, such as seeds, are a way to overcome this disadvantage.

18. Animalia • Animals are multicellular eukaryotes. • All animals get their energy from other organisms. • Animals are either vertebrates, which means they have a backbone, or invertebrates, which means they don’t have a backbone. • Of the 1 million species of animals, only about 42,500 are vertebrates!