Psychological Disorders Chapter 15

1. Psychological Disorders Chapter 15

2. Abnormal Behaviour Example • Two weeks ago, a man jumped from a 401 overpass after throwing his 5 year old daughter off. He died and she is still in guarded condition in the hospital. He left a suicide note that seemed to indicate that he wanted to punish his wife. • What would cause someone to take such a drastic act?

3. Abnormal behaviour is characterized as (a) not typical (b) socially unacceptable (c) distressing (d) maladaptive (e) result of disorganized cognition What Is Abnormal Behaviour?

4. Model: Abnormal psychology: Perspectives on Abnormality

5. Models of Abnormal Behaviour

6. The Medical-Biological Model • focuses on the physiological conditions that initiate and underlie abnormal behaviour • Many terms used in abnormal psychology borrowed from medical field • Diagnose, treat, cure with emphasis on drugs and hospitalization

7. The Psychodynamic Model • rooted in Freud’s theory of personality • assumes psychological disorders result from anxiety produced by unresolved conflicts outside a person’s awareness

8. focuses on individual uniqueness and decision making Maladjustment occurs when a person’s needs are not met The Humanistic Model

9. Abnormal behaviour is learned through selective reinforcement and punishment The Behavioural Model

10. Human beings engage in both prosocial and maladjusted behaviours because of their thoughts The Cognitive Model

11. The Sociocultural Model • Maladjustment occurs within and because of a context • Frequency and type of disorders varies across cultures

12. The Evolutionary Model • humans evolved in a specific environment • Maladjustments may be expressions of behaviour that would once have been normal in evolutionary history

13. Some psychologists use only one model to analyze all behaviour problems Others may take an eclectic approach Which Model Is Best?

14. Diagnosis: DSM

15. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) Diagnosing Psychopathology: The DSM

16. Diagnosing Psychopathology GOALS of DSM

17. Table 15.1 Major Classifications of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition (TR)

18. Diagnosising Psychopathology Criticisms: • Potential biases • Symptom focus rather than etiology • Too complex • Medical model focus • Reliability • Pathologize everyday behaviour

19. Anxiety Disorders

20. Defining Anxiety • Anxiety : a generalized feeling of fear and apprehension that may be related to a particular situation or object often accompanied by increased physiological arousal

21. Generalized Anxiety Disorder Diagnostic Criteria: • Excessive anxiety and worry for at least 6 months • Difficult to control the worry • At least three of the following: restlessness, fatigue, difficulty concentrating, irritability, muscle tension, sleep disturbance • Focus of anxiety is NOT associated with other anxiety disorders • Symptoms cause clinically significant distress • Not due to direct effects of substance abuse or medical condition

22. Generalized Anxiety Disorder • Prevalence • Risk factors • Comorbidity

23. Phobic Disorders • Phobic disorders : • Three main Types

24. Agoraphobia • Excessive fear and avoidance of being alone in a place from which escape may be difficult or embarrassing • Accompanied by panic attacks • More common in females than males (5.8% : 2.8%) • Often brought on by interpersonal stress

25. Social Phobia • Excessive fear and avoidance of situations where one might be scrutinized by others • Fear of acting in a way that may lead to humiliation or embarrassment • Affects males and females equally • Identified in all cultures

26. Specific Phobias • Irrational and persistent fear and avoidance of a particular object or situation • 5 – 12% of the population has one or more specific phobias • Categories of specific phobias:

27. Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder • Persistent, uncontrollable thoughts and irrational beliefs that cause compulsive rituals that interfere with daily life • Obsessions = • Compulsions =

28. Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder • 80% of cases report both obsessions and compulsions • Compulsions are used to combat anxiety associated with obsessions • 2% of the population (males = females) • Neurological mechanisms identified (frontal lobe and amygdala)

29. Mood Disorders

30. Depressive Disorders • Depressive disorders • Major depressive disorder

31. Symptoms of Major Depressive Disorder • Poor appetite • Insomnia • Weight loss • Loss of energy • Feelings of worthlessness and guilt • Inability to concentrate

32. Major Depressive Disorder: Onset and Duration • Onset • usually prior to age 40 • Duration • days, weeks, or months • Single episode or recurring episodes

33. Major Depressive Disorder: Prevalence • Major depressive disorder affects about 1.3 million Canadians each year • Women are twice as likely as men to be diagnosed

34. Major Depressive Disorder: Clinical Evaluation • Diagnosis of depression (or any other mental disorder) should involve a complete clinical evaluation: • A physical examination • A psychiatric history • A mental status examination

35. Causes of Major Depressive Disorder Biological Theories: e.g. Monoamine theory

36. Learning and Cognitive Theories • Learning and thoughts underlie depression • Lewinsohn: • Beck:

37. Figure 15.2 Lewinsohn’s View of Depression

38. Learned Helplessness • The behaviour of giving up or not responding exhibited by people and animals exposed to negative consequences over which the feel they have no control • Seligman suggests that people’s beliefs about the causes of failure determines whether they will become depressed

39. The Biopsychosocial Model Diathesis-stress model • Combination of factors lead to vulnerability • Vulnerability: person’s diminished ability to deal with life events • Increased vulnerability means less stress is needed to initiate depression

40. Bipolar Disorder • originally known as manic-depressive disorder • People with the disorder experience behaviour varying between two extremes

41. Manic Phase: Depressed Phase: Bipolar Disorder

42. MEDIA DEPICTION OF DEPRESSION

43. Dissociative Disorders

44. Dissociative Disorders • Dissociative disorders are characterized by a sudden, temporary, alteration in consciousness, identity, behaviour, and/or memory

45. Dissociative Disorders Dissociative Disorders include: • Dissociative amnesia – • Dissociative identity disorder -

46. MEDIA DEPICTION OF DID

47. Schizophrenia

48. Schizophrenia • Schizophrenic disorders – • Psychosis –

49. Essential Characteristics of Schizophrenic Disorders • People who suffer from schizophrenia can have significantly different symptoms, yet still be given the same label • Schizophrenia is a group or class of disorders and each case is identified according to some kind of basic disturbance in one of the following areas: language, thought, perception, affect (emotions), and behaviour

50. Essential Characteristics of Schizophrenic Disorders • Positive symptoms – • Negative symptoms -