Internet & WWW Details

1. Internet & WWW Details Client-Server Architecture Browser-WebServer Details

2. Part 0: Your Project • Your project is to create a working e-commerce website. • Here are some feasible project ideas…

3. Part 1: Internet History & Details Timeline: • Innovation Phase: 1961-1974 • Institutional Phase: 1980-1993 • E-commerce Phase: 1995-today

4. Internet Characteristics • Analogy: Human Characteristics that really matter: • Humans walks on two legs • Humans have a 3lbs brain. • Humans communicate with speech and written words

5. Internet Characteristics • Internet characteristics that really matter: • Internet uses packet switching – • data is broken into little packets that have to re-assembled • Internet uses TCP/IP protocol – • robust protocol for sending everything from email to video • Internet used IP addresses

6. Innovation Phase: 1961-1974 • All the technology was invented • Paul Baran proposed the idea of packet switching for network communication (1962) • Vinton Cerf Proposed TCP/IP Protocol in 1974

7. Institutional Phase: 1980-1993 • ARPANet: A purely military network got turned over to Scientists working on Defense Department Projects • National Labs – National Science Foundation • NASA • Department of Energy • Leading Universities • Over in Europe another large network emerged. • CERN – Leading particle physics lab (Geneva, Switzerland)

8. Institutional Phase: 1980-1993 • ARPANet and CERN’s network officially became 100% TCP/IP in 1982 • Standardization – commitment to this standard protocol allowed software developers to coordinate networking efforts. • In many ways, this marks the birth of the Internet we now know.

9. Side Topic • Didn’t Al Gore invent the Internet?

10. Side Topic • Didn’t Al Gore invent the Internet? • Al Gore never made this claim…it’s a complete misquote • Gore’s High Performance Computing and Communication Act of 1991 (Gore Bill) passed in 1991 and led to the National Information Infrastructure. • This directly led to the commercialization of the Internet. • The term Internet started to become widely used. • Gore may have been the first to use the term “information superhighway.”

11. E-commerce Phase: 1995-today • Prior to 1995, the Internet facilitated B2B e-commerce (which is really e-business). • But the systems developed were very specialized and isolated. • True E-commerce wasn’t realized until the end consumer got Internet access. • In 1995, we saw the explosion of Internet Service Providers (ISPs) • AOL • Dialup Providers

12. ISPs of Today • Telephone companies own most of the infrastructure. They are the global players • They farm it out to local ISPs • Cable TV providers are now the biggest local players. • Dialup Still exists • AOL • Netzero

13. Part 1: Internet History & Details • Network of networks built on standardized technology and protocols. • Until the Internet emerged…different groups were using all different kinds of protocols. • Key Term: Protocol • a set of rules governing the format of messages that are exchanged between computers

14. Packet Switching • PAD – Packet assembler/dissembler

15. Why is Packet Switching important? • Otherwise you need a direct, uninterupted connection, which is not feasible. • Network goes down all the time. • Traffic gets re-routed on the fly • Also, its higher performance. • Your packets could take numerous paths in parallel.

16. TCP/IP • Transmission control protocol • Internet Protocol

17. Why is TCP/IP so important • The Internet would never have expanded so rapidly without a commitment to Global Standardization • Its hard to get experts to agree on a single Protocol • TCP/IP is very robust and allows for numerous levels of sub-networks.

18. IP Address • 32-bit number • Uniquely identifies devices on the Internet • 192.168.120.227 • 4 billion unique devices. • There are already more than 4 billion devices: • Sub-netting – • one IP address gets you to a subnet • Subnet uses its own internal IP address.

19. Sub-Networks • IP Addresses are a commodity, limited supply. • Controlled by ICANN, which indirectly came from the Gore Bill. • Siena gets Internet Access from Time Warner Cable…we probably pay for 20-40 IP Addresses, which are reserved for key server • Web server • Blackboard server • Mail server. • How do the other 4000 computers communicate?

20. Internal Sub-netting Internet (All Real IPs in the World) • Outside of Siena, you can’t reach computer A and B directly. • Instead, you contact the router(Real IP) and also indicate A or B’s Internal IP. Time Warner (Real IP) Siena Gateway Router (Real IP) A B Internal IP Internal IP

21. Internet (All Real IPs in the World) Internal Sub-netting C • Siena’s router is programmed so thatA and B can directly communicate using Internal IPs (sub-net). • If A needs to reach a computer C outside of Siena, then the routermodifies the packet headersto indicate the Siena Router’sReal IP address and the Internal IP of A. • Thus, C will knowhow to reach A. Time Warner (Real IP) Siena Gateway Router (Real IP) A Internal IP B Internal IP

22. Part 1: Activities • Traceroute • Lookup • Whois • Ping • Finger • Port Scan

23. Part 2: World Wide Web (WWW) • Remember: There are companies that use the Internet to connect two computers, yet these computers are not part of the WWW. • To be part of the world wide web, you need a URL • Uniform Resource Locator (not universal)

24. URL examples • mailto:ebreimer@siena.edu • http://www.cs.siena.edu • ftp://ftp.mit.edu/public/data.db

25. URL Concept • Internet IP Address are meaningless • There is no organization • No geographic significance • No organizational significance • Create a meaningful name that is an alias for an IP Address • Given a URL create a system to find the IP Address (DNS lookup).

26. URL Breakdown • http://www.cs.siena.edu Main Network – Domain Name Sub-Network (optional) Server Name Top Level Domain Name Protocol

27. Top Level Domains .com .net .org .edu .mobi .gov .mil U.S. - centric Country Domains .cn .ca .de .au Combinations .com.au .edu.au Top-level Domain Names

28. Domain Name Hierarchies root Name Server (NS) .com NS .edu NS .net NS siena.edu NS harvard.edu NS mit.edu NS www.siena.edu cs.siena.edu NS sos.siena.edu NS imail.siena.edu www.cs.siena.edu ares.cs.siena.edu turing.cs.siena.edu

29. Domain Name Hierarchies

30. ICANN • Internet Corporation for Assigned Numbers and Networks. • Global coordinator of IP Address and Domain names. • Registrars like GoDaddy are “licensed” by ICANN to register domain names. • Large Internet Providers (ISPs) also “secure” IP addresses and farm them out to smaller ISPs.

31. Map of the Internet (US) • http://www.cs.siena.edu/~ebreimer/courses/csis-116-s07/Internet_map_labels.pdf • The above is a partial map as seen from one location (Lumeta.com).

32. USA: Pioneers of the Internet • The United States pioneered the Internet, and thus, “owns” the largest chunk of the infrastructure. • Western Europe, Japan, and Australia were quick to follow. • Eastern Europe, Russia and China are just getting established • Parts of Asia are next: India • South America is coming along • Africa may be decades away

33. Part 2: Activities • Do some surfing and try to find a URL with a sub-domain. • How much does it cost to register a domain name for .com, .net, .us? • Thinking of registering a domain name for your project? See if the one you want is available?

34. Client Server Model • The WWW uses this model exclusively.

35. Protocols of the WWW • HTTP / HTTPS – Hypertext Transfer Protocol (Secure) • FTP / SFTP – (Secure) File Transfer Protocol • SMTP – Simple Mail Transfer Protocol • POP – Post Office Protocol • IMAP – Internet Message Access Protocol • Telnet – Terminal Emulation

36. FTP / SFTP Big Picture Other countries? Albany Clients / VisitorsPotential CustomersPotential Revenue Host MonsterWeb ServerUtah Internet USA HTTP / HTTPS You – The Developer / The Designer

37. Big Picture Clients / VisitorsPotential CustomersPotential Revenue • HTML Documents (Production) • Application Support Services • Message Board Service • Payment Systems, Chat Server, Internet Host MonsterWeb ServerUtah You – The Developer / The Designer • HTML Documents (Development) • HTML Editor • Image Editor • Other Development Software HTTP / HTTPS FTP / SFTP

38. Big Picture Hostmonster Server • HTML Documents (Development) • Steal other websites designs • HTML Editor • Dreamweaver • Image Editor • Fireworks • Other Development Software • Flash • Word • Excel Internet You – The Developer / The Designer Hostmonster Control Panel HTTP / HTTPS FTP, SFTP, or SCP Client FTP / SFTP

39. Key Technologies • Hypertext – • HTML – Hypertext Markup Language • Markups are used to structure a web page • CSS – Cascading Style Sheets • Styles are defined that decorate each structural element

40. DNS Domain Name System • The WWW is supported by a network of DNS servers • These server help translate URLs into IP Addresses. • Domain Names are a fundamental concept that is connected to E-commerce.

41. Why are Domain Name so important?

42. Setting up a web server The old way • Buy a computer (The Web Server) • Get an static IP Address from your ISP • Install Web Server software • Register a domain name with ICANN • Have your ISP update their DNS server.

43. Setting up a web server The NEW way • Buy a computer (for creating web pages) • Pay for hosting service (Web Server + DNS services). • Get the name of the DNS server. • Register a domain name with Registrar • Tell the registrar the name of the DNS server that your hosting service is using.

44. DNS Services ICANN coordinates this effort (1st party) Companies (2nd party) need domain names. 3rd parties registrars actually manage domain name registration. Registrars: goDaddy, Network Solutions, Yahoo Hosting Services DNS Services vs. Hosting