Decolonization

1. Decolonization Former colonies becoming independent

2. Decolonization - By the end of 20th century : most of world in post-industrial stage

3. Decolonization • = the forced or willing freeing of colonies by their European controllers • Mainly after WWII; • 1940s-70s = dozens of new nations

4. Patterns of Decolonization - Differed depending on conditions: - Did they have to fight to become free? - Enlightenment of colonizer? Active assistance w/transition to freedom? - Serious native divisions? - Diversification of new economy vs. maintaining monoculture & extraction of resources - Settler vs. Non-Settler Colony

7. India Independence Groups formed before WWI: Indian National Congress Muslim League

8. During WWI • Britain promised Indian nationalists movement toward self-government IF they supported the war effort • Government of India Act – 1919 • Transferred powers over agriculture, public works, education, local self-government to local Indian-elected leaders • However Britain still wanted India as a colony • Independence rallies – met with resistance • Did not support: • Freedom of Press • Freedom of assembly

9. Mohandas Gandhi • “Mahatma” or “great soul” • English educated • Hindu • Practiced law in South Africa • From wealthy family • Know for: • Simple clothing • Nationalist • Civil disobedience • Non-violence • Attempts to heal rift between Muslims and Hindus

10. “ Passive resistance is a method of securing rights by personal suffering; it is the reverse of resistance by arms. When I refuse to do a thing that is repugnant to my conscience, I use soul-force. For instance, the government of the day has passed a law which is applicable to me: I do not like it, if, by using violence, I force the government to repeal the law, I am employing what may be termed body-force. If I do not obey the law and accept the penalty for its breach, I use soul-force. It involves sacrifice of self… …Wherein is courage required – in blowing others to pieces from behind a cannon or with a smiling face to approach a cannon and to be blown to pieces? Who is the true warrior – he who keeps death always as a bosom-friend or he who controls the death of others? Believe me that a man devoid of courage can never be a passive resister… … Passive resistance is an all-sided sword; it can be used anyhow; it blesses him who uses it and him against whom it is used. Without drawing a drop of blood, it produces far-reaching results.” -- Gandhi

11. Non-violent protests • 1924 – fasts for 21 days to promote Hindu-Muslim unity • 1929 – Salt March – led protestors on a 80 mile walk to the sea to protest the government’s monopoly on salt • 1947 – walk through violence-torn areas to advocate peace

12. Conflict between Hindu and Muslims • After WWII – Britain gives India independence • Transition is chaotic with Muslims and Hindus turning against each other • 1947 India is partitioned: • India – Hindu • Leader = Gandhi • Leader = Jawaharlal Nehru (Indian National Congress) – wanted a more modern industrial India • Pakistan – Muslim • Leader = Muhammad Ali Jinnah (Muslim League) • Kashmir (western part of sub continent – Muslim) – cause of future conflict • Conflict takes the lives of over 500,000 including Gandhi (killed Jan 1948 by a Hindu refugee)

14. Southeast Asia

15. Burma (British) – 1947 • Sri Lanka (British colony of Ceylon) – 1948 • Malaysia (British) – 1963 • Laos (French) – 1949 • Cambodia (French) – 1954 • Philippines (United States) - 1946

16. Sub-Saharan Africa Africans served in both world wars Discontent lay in treatment of Africans in mines, plantations, railroads and docks for a European controlled economy

17. All-African People’s Conference • African leaders meet together at several conferences all over the world • Leaders: • W.E.B. Du Bois – American • BlaiseDiagne – Senegal • Kwame Nkrumah – Ghana • Jomo Kenyatta - Kenya

18. New African Nations • Ghana -1957 • Led by Nkrumah • Nigeria – 1960 • N = Muslim • S = Christian • Belgian • violent • Ruanda and Burundi – 1962 • Violent – Tutsi (minority) vs. Hutu (majority)

20. South Africa • After 1980 only white ruled country in Sub-Saharan Africa • 1913 - African National Congress (ANC) – party formed to protest treatment of Africans • 1948 – Apartheid (segregation of the races) • Nelson Mandela • led the fight against the apartheid and was imprisoned for life in 1964 • 1990 Mandela released from prison – elected president of the African National Congress (1991) • Received the Nobel Peace Prize in 1993 • Elected as South Africa’s fist black president – in a truly democratic election in 1994

21. North Africa

22. Egypt • Had been independent since Muhammad Ali, but was still technically part of the Ottoman Empire until WWI • League of Arab States created – goal to strengthen and unite countries with Arab ties • Cold War • 1952 = Gamel Abdel Nasser becomes nationalist leader • 1956- Claims Suez canal belongs to Egypt (with US support)

23. Algeria • Controlled by French after WWII • 1950 – revolution • Arab Nationalists (National Liberation Front) vs French supporters • 1962 • Charles De Gaulle (leader of French resistance during WWII) negotiated Algerian independence • Struggle because after gaining independence – mass exodus of over 1 million Europeans from Algeria (most of which held government positions).

24. Middle East

25. Arab Independence • Saudi Arabia became independent after World War I • Egypt, Syria, Iraq, Lebanon, and Jordan gained independence after World War II with little difficulty • Complete autonomy was difficult • Egypt due to Suez Canal • Cold War tensions • Other states due to oil • OPEC

27. Turkey • 1923 – unified as an independent country • Mustafa Kemal (known as Ataturk’s) • Abolished shari’a law and position of caliph • Encouraged western adoption: • dress • Roman alphabet • Women = no veils • WWII • Despite taking a loan from USSR to support modernization, able to maintain neutrality during WWII (joined Allies at end) • Conflict • Between those that wanted a secular state and those who wanted to once again become a Muslim state • Government – back and forth between democratic and military dictatorships

28. Iran • WWI • Three factions: • Iranian government • Russia • Britain • 1921 • Reza Khan (Pahlavi dynasty) – overthrows government • Creates a military dictatorship • Uses oil profits to modernize Iran • In the late 1970s a decline in oil prices caused massive unemployment and rural unrest • Turns power over to his son – Muhammand Reza Shah in 1941 • Cold War • 1951 = Muhammad Mosaddeq – elected Prime Minister, and Shah is forced to flee country in 1953

29. US and Great Britain overthrow Mosaddeq and restore the shah to full power • US wanted to contain Soviet powers during cold war • Shah reforms: • Secularized Iran and stepped away from religious traditions • Took place “too fast” and offended many nationalists • Seen by Iranians as a pawn of foreign powers • Iranian Revolution of 1978 • Shah fled the country • Ayatollah Khomeini came to power • Defended Islamic fundamentalism – literal interpretation of Islamic texts • Social conservatism • Depicted the US as “Great Satan” • Iran hostage crisis • Nov 4, 1979 - Iranians stormed US embassy and held Americans hostage for 444 days • Argo

30. Images of the Revolution

31. Images of the Revolution

33. War begins on May 15 and Arabs flee the region

34. Israel in 1947 Israel in 1949

35. Conflict • UN will partitioned Palestine into Arab and Jewish areas leading to all out warfare • Suez Crisis 1956 • Egypt had nationalized the canal • Britain and France planned to have Israel attack the canal • Wanted control over the canal again • Forced to back down and control of canal went back to Egypt • 1967 – Israel attempts to conquer the West Bank and Gaza Strip • Conflict with Egypt – border war • Israel able to gain control of Sinai Peninsula (military disaster for Arabs) • Egypt blocks canal for years

36. Suez crisis of 1956

37. Israeli expansion from 1948-1988

38. 1973 – War continues between Egypt and Israel • Anwar el-Sadat = leader of Egypt • Peace (Camp David accords(1978) ) • Mediated by US (Jimmy Carter) • Israel = would return Sinai Peninsula to Egypt

40. Results • Creation of “Third World” or “Developing World” • colonization or western pol. & econ. dominance = lag behind West • Areas = Middle East, Africa, Asia, Latin America • Geographically = “North-South Split”

41. Latin America US attempts to control like colonial powers once did

42. Panama Canal • Built with support of US • US backs independence movements in Panama and in return Panama signs treaty that gives US control over canal

43. Mexico • 1929 – caudillos (military leaders) gain power • Party of the Institutionalize Revolution (PRI) • Socialist government • Presidents are chosen from the ranks of the PRI • Democratization = 2000, when Fox is elected and is not a candidate of the PRI

44. Argentina • 1929 – Vargas establishes an authoritarian regime • Modernize • Charismatic • Wife – Eva Person “Evita” = popular • Supported Axis powers during WWII • Re-elected in 1946 and 1973 • Died in 1974 • 1976 – Argentina fell under military dictatorship • Maintained control through force • Terrorist attacks – death of thousands

45. Guatemala • Influenced by socialism and brought about major changes • Leaders Arevalo and later Arbenz attempted to nationalize focusing on taking control of companies like the United Fruit Company (run by foreigners) • Dependent on the export of bananas and coffee • 1954 – CIA invaded and staged a coup • Run by pro-US regimes • Did not focus on helping the people of Guatemala (living conditions were terrible) • US – invades to stop USSR from gaining any power in Latin America • Wealthy coffee growers, foreign investors and the military maintained control

46. Limits of Decolonization - Western influences remained strong - West dominates trade - Exploitation of resources - Minimal gains for majority of population - Impact of civil war