Comma Spices & Run-On Sentences

1. Comma Spices & Run-On Sentences Chapter 20

2. WHAT ARE THEY? Comma splice = Comma fault • When a comma is used incorrectly between complete sentences. Run-On Sentence = Fused sentence/Run-together sentence • Two complete sentences run into each other without any punctuation.

3. PRACTICE The icebergs broke off from the glacier, they drifted into the sea. • COMMA SPLICE The icebergs broke off from the glacier they drifted into the sea. • RUN-ON SENTENCE The icebergs broke off from the glacier. They drifted into the sea. • CORRECT

4. EXCEPTION • When meaning allows, a colon or dash can be used to join two independent clauses.

5. RECOGNIZING “THEM” • Know an Independent Clause • Know a comma splice or run-on. • QUICK REFERENCE 20.1

6. THE CORRECTION Use a period between the two sentences. • A shark is all cartilage. It does not have a bone in its body. Use a semicolon between the two sentences. • The great white shark supposedly eats humans; research shows that most white sharks spit them out after the first bite.

7. Coordination & Subordination Important to Sentence Structuring

8. Definition Reflect relationships between ideas being expressed. • Coordination shows the EQUALITY of ideas. • Subordination shows the value of one idea over the other.

9. Example The sky turned dark gray. The wind died down. COORDINATION: • The sky turned dark gray, and the wind died down. SUBORDINATION 1 & 2: • As the sky turned dark gray, the wind died down. (Focus: the wind.) • As the wind died down, the sky turned dark gray. (Focus: the sky.)

10. What is sentence coordination? Two or more INDEPENDENT CLAUSES are equivalent or balanced. Example: • The sky turned brighter, and people emerged happily from buildings. • The sky turned brighter; people emerged happily from buildings.

11. Coordinate sentence = Compound sentence Independent Clause/Meaning Conveyed: • , and • , but • , yet • , for • , or • , nor • , so • ; addition F A N B O Y S mean contrast reason or choice a choice negative choice result or effect

12. Choosing a Coordination The IDEAS must be related or equivalent! • Exercises 9-3/page 222

13. What is sentence subordination? Important idea • INDEPENDENT CLAUSE Less Important Idea - Subordinate • DEPENDENT CLAUSE Page 223 / 9J

14. The Structure of a Subordinate Sentence Start with a Dependent Clause with a subordinating conjunction • OR Relative Pronoun (who, which, that) Example: • If they are very lucky, the passengers may glimpse dolphins breaking water playfully near the ship. • Pandas are solitary animals, which means they are difficult to protect from extinction. QUICK REFERENCE – 9.f

15. Types of Dependent Clauses Adverb Clause, independent clause. • After the sky grew dark, the wind died suddenly. Independent Clause, Adverb Clause • Birds stopped singing, as they do during an eclipse. Adverb/Adjective Clauses - Quick Reference 9.1/page 224 Exercise 9-4/page 225

16. Fragments w/Subordinating Conjunctions Subordinating Conjunctions – Quick Reference 14.7. Frequently used: • After • Although • Because • Before • If • Unless • When EXERCISE 19-4/page 388.

17. PRACTICE • Exercise 19-4/388 • Exercise 20-1/394 • Exercise 20-2/396 • Exercise 20-3/398 • Exercise 20-4/399 • Exercise 9-3/222 • Exercise 9-4/225

18. CONJUCTIVE ADVERBS &Transitional Expressions Link ideas between sentences. A period or semicolon is required. Include words such as • However • Therefore • Also • Next • Then • Furthermore • Nevertheless QUICK REFERENCE 14.5 CONJUCTIVE ADVERBS ARE NOT COORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS!! • And, but, etc – 20c3

19. PRACTICE • 20-3/398 • 20-4/399