Cooperative Intersection Collision Avoidance Systems – Stop Sign Assist (CICAS-SSA)

1. Cooperative Intersection Collision Avoidance Systems – Stop Sign Assist (CICAS-SSA) ITS America 2007 Annual Meeting Session 32 June 5, 2007

2. Outline • Background • Project Overview • Status • Conclusion • Resources

3. Background • Four CICAS research projects sponsored by USDOT • Cost-Benefit Analysis Tool (USDOT) • Violations (CAMP) • Signalized Left Turn Assist (California) • Stop Sign Assist (Minnesota)

4. Project Overview • CICAS-Stop Sign Assist (SSA) is being done in partnership with: • USDOT/FHWA • Mn/DOT • University of Minnesota-ITS Institute

5. Background • What can Stop Sign Assist do? • Alert of approaching vehicles • Inform of gap size • Warn of insufficient gap • Advise against unsafe actions Assist stopped driver in determining insufficient gap to enter or cross

6. Background • Crashes in rural areas are more severe than in urban areas • 70% of all crashes in Minnesota occur in urban areas • 70% of fatal crashes occur in rural areas • Minnesota’s Trunk Highway System • More rural through/stop intersections (3,920) than all categories of urban intersections (3,714) combined • Between 1998-2000, 62% of all intersection-related fatal crashes occurred at rural through/stop intersections

7. Background • Stop Sign Assist is also rooted in previous Intersection Decision Support (IDS) work • Minnesota IDS project focused on identifying driver error causal factors, such as: • Driver looks, but does not see other vehicles • Driver misjudges gap or speed of approaching vehicles

8. Background • Reducing Crashes at Rural Intersections: Toward a Multi-State Consensus on Rural IDS TPF-5(086) is focusing on: • Characterizing rural intersection crashes throughout United States • Identifying regional differences in driver behavior

9. Project Overview • Project goals are: • Identify driver characteristics and driving factors relevant to safe gap acceptance • Develop gap models and algorithms which will drive the timing of information and warnings • Conduct in-vehicle research at the instrumented intersection to provide refined model of gap acceptance and warning timing • Implement a system consistent and interoperable with other Vehicle Infrastructure Integration (VII) programs • Research, design and develop a deployable Driver Infrastructure Interface (DII) • Conduct field operational test to evaluate algorithm effectiveness • Coordinate with CICAS-V, CICAS-SLTA and CICAS-CBAT

10. Project Overview • Minnesota test intersection at US52 and CSAH 9 (Goodhue County)

11. Project Overview

12. Project Overview Power, Communication Local Processor Radar Sensor

13. Project Overview Lidar Vehicle Classification

14. Project Overview Cameras for Crossroad Surveillance (Visible and Infrared)

15. Project Overview License Plate Reader • Digital Camera • - Remote Trip • - IR Illuminator Humans Read Numbers

16. Project Overview • Measure gaps as vehicle clears stop line area • Add startup time to determine actual gap • Correlate gap with: - Vehicle Classification - Turning Movement - Median Wait Time - RWIS Data - Time of Day Owner Demographics

17. Project Overview Portable Data Collection System

18. Project Overview U of M Driving Simulator • Ability to model precise reproductions of geo-specific locations • Resolution = 2.5 arc-minutes per pixel • 8 channels • 3D surround sound • Car body vibration • Force feedback steering • Power-assist feel on the brakes • 3-axis electric motion system

19. Project Overview • Infrastructure To Vehicle • Intersection Geometric Map • Intersection state map (location/speed/heading of mainline vehicles within range) • Road weather condition? • Infrastructure gap warning state

20. Project Overview • Vehicle To Infrastructure • Vehicle classification and characteristics • Turn signal state • Driver gap acceptance parameters • Current in-vehicle gap warning state • Brake state (for future use)? • Anti-lock/traction control state?

21. Margin Gap Gap Gap Lag Gap Project Overview Compared to baseline, which concept is effective? Baseline Warn Advise Inform/Advise Warn/Advise Lag = Higher compliance

22. CAMP DVI Status Years One thru Three Years Four and Five IDS CICAS-SSA USDOT Concurrence Situation Analysis Evaluation Methodology Evaluation Scope Concept Study Translation Study Validation Study Pilot FOT DII Concepts Deployable DII Compliant DII Parameters Gap Model Alert/Timing Algorithms FOT

23. Status • Cooperative Agreement initiated project in November 2006 • Project Management and Risk Management Plans complete • Developing Concept of Operations • Situation analysis/functional scope for DII complete • Data collected complete in states of MN, WI, MI, IA and NC

24. Status • Main findings to-date: • Mean Accepted Gap = 7.0 Seconds(Ignoring gaps > 10 seconds) • Accepted gap inversely related to traffic volume • Accepted gap bigger with decreased visibility and with increased precipitation • Accepted gap similar for all vehicle classifications (artifact of measuring method)

25. Conclusion • Stop sign gap acceptance is a real problem • IDS and CICAS solutions have potential to address the problem • Stop sign assistance systems are feasible in a reasonable time period

26. Resources • National CICAS Program • http://www.its.dot.gov/cicas/index.htm • Minnesota IDS Project • http://www.its.umn.edu/research/applications/ids/index.html • Reducing Crashes at Rural Intersections: Toward a Multi-State Consensus on Rural Intersection Decision Support TPF-5(086) • http://www.pooledfund.org/projectdetails.asp?id=306&status=4

27. Resources • Ray Starr, Mn/DOT • 651.234.7050. ray.starr@dot.state.mn.us • Ginny Crowson, Mn/DOT • 651.234.7058, ginny.crowson@dot.state.mn.us • Max Donath, U of M-ITS Institute • 612.625.2304, donath@me.umn.edu