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The Way of Science: Exploring the Universe and Beyond

Delve into the fascinating world of science and uncover the secrets of the universe. From ancient Greek theories to modern discoveries, embark on a journey of observation, experimentation, and understanding.

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The Way of Science: Exploring the Universe and Beyond

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  1. Chapter 1 The Way of Science

  2. Sections • 1.1- Stardust: An Invitation to Science • 1.2- Observing the Night Sky • 1.3- Ancient Greek Theories: An Earth-Centered Universe • 1.4- Copernicus's Theory: A Sun-Centered Universe • 1.5- Kepler's Theory: a Sun-Focused Universe • 1.6- Science: A Dialogue Between Nature and Mind • 1.7- The Copernican Revolution: Dawn of the Modern Age

  3. 1.1- Stardust: An Invitation to Science • -We literally came from the stars, therefore we are connected to the rest of the universe. It is human nature to question the physical phenomena that we encounter everyday. • -Reasons for learning science- • 1. Expand awareness • 2. Develop social values appropriate to the scientific age • -The problems and the solutions of our time are bound up with science and its close relative, technology. Thats why we all this the scientific age. • -Physics- Is the study of phenomena that, like falling, are universal.

  4. 1.2- Observing the Night Sky • -This book's most important theme is the study of the nature of science itself. • - The Scientific Process- is often described as several activities that scientists sometimes practice. • - Astronomy- The scientific study of the stars and other objects in space, and has been closely associated with physics. • - Astrology- The belief, rejected by science for over two centuries, that events on Earth are influenced by the positions and motion of the planets.

  5. 1.2

  6. 1.3- Ancient Greek Theories: An Earth-Centered Universe • - This figure shows the heavenly objects circling a motionless Earth. This is also known as the Pythagorean theory of the universe.

  7. 1.3 Facts • - It was thought that the stars kept pace with one another because they were all attached to the inside surface of a single transparent spherical shell that rotates around the Earth once a day. • - The known planets were thought to move in a uniform circular motion. • - Uniform circular motion- Motion in a circle at an unchanging or uniform speed. • - A philosophical-mathematical-religious group led by Pythagoras developed this Pythagorean theory of the universe. • - Pythagorean theory of the universe- The earliest Greek theory. The stars, sun, and moon, and each of five planets circle Earth on uniformly spinning, transparent, Earth-Centered spheres to which each is attached. • - These Pythagoreans formed a secretive cult that believed passionately in the importance of abstract ideas. • -Pythagoras believed that the most perfect ideas were mathematical because they could be stated so precisely yet abstractly. • - Retrograde motion- A temporary change in the direction that a planet moves relative to the stars, as seen from Earth. • - Aristarchus’s Theory- A sun-centered theory that was rejected because it seemed to conflict with everyday observations.

  8. Retrograde Motion and Aristarchus’s Theory

  9. 1.4 – Copernicus’s Theory: A Sun-Centered Universe • - Copernicus’s Theory- A sun-centered theory, similar to Aristarchus’s. The planets, including Earth, circle the sun, and Earth spins on its axis. This theory explained to East-to-West motion of the heavenly bodies. • - Like Pythagoras, Copernicus also believed in a uniform circular heavenly motion. • - Copernicus’s theory was kept a secret until he was on his deathbed for fear of criticism.

  10. 1.5- Kepler’s Theory: A Sun-Focused Universe • - It was not until  Johannes Kepler (1571-1630) that Aristotle's work was completely eclipsed. Driven by the need to explain the highly accurate observations of planetary motion made by Tyco Brahe (1546-1601), Kepler replaced Aristotle's circular orbits with ellipses . • - Kepler’s Theory- states that rather than moving in sun-centered circles, each planet moves in a sun-focused ellipse.

  11. 1.6- Science: A Dialogue Between Nature and Mind • - Observation- refers to the data-gathering process. • - Measurement- is a quantitative observation • - Experiment- is an observation that is designed by humans in a controlled environment. • - Theory- is a well-confirmed framework of ideas that explains what we observe. • - Model- is a theory that can be visualized. • - Hypothesis- an educated suggestion or guess, a tentative theory.

  12. 1.7- The Copernican Revolution: Dawn of the Modern Age • The Copernican revolution- The rejection of the idea that Earth is at the center of, and therefore basically different from, the rest of the universe. • The Copernican viewpoint- The view that Earth is not a unique place in the universe, that the same principles of nature apply throughout the universe. • Galaxy- A large aggregation of stars. Most galaxies, such as our own Milky Way, have a disk like shape and revolve about their centers.

  13. 1.7 • The universe is estimated to contain somewhere near 100 billion galaxies. 100,000,000,000.( WOW!!!) • 70 years after Copernicus’s death, the Catholic church pronounced his theory was incorrect and opposed to Scripture.

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