South Africa and Apartheid: African Segregation

1. South Africa and Apartheid: African Segregation What is apartheid? What effects did it have on South Africa? Who was involved in its creation? Why was it so important? Is it still alive today?

2. What is it? Apartheid is a policy that separates people based on politics, economics, and race. It separated non-European groups from Europeans in South Africa Apartheid ended in South Africa in 1994

3. The Republic of South Africa

4. History of Apartheid and South Africa 1652: Dutch East India Company and her trading port appeared at Cape Town, South Africa under Jan van Riebeeck Slaves brought in from Malaya and Indonesia Indigenous people driven away or killed through disease and war

5. Wandering Farmers • (Trek) Boers (original Dutch, Flemish, French and Gemans) settled land originally belonging to indigenous groups • Dutch power eventually faded • British took over in 1796

6. Apartheid and South Africa Afrikaners (aka Boers) were offended by the new English government that liked slavery and a government system that gave no rights to nonwhites 1834: British abolished slavery 1835: Afrikaners moved north during the Great Trek where they killed many indigenous people

7. History of Apartheid and South Africa Transvaal and the Orange Free State were founded by Boers Nonwhites brutally treated by Boers, and British Cape Town had mixing of races Mid-1800s: Dutch and British physically separated, and limited interaction among races led to an uneasy, short-lived equilibrium

8. The Zulu Early 1800s: Zulu migrated south Under Shaka Zulu, they built a large empire northeast of the Orange River Those groups defeated by the Zulu fled

9. Boers, Zulu, British, Oh My! Boers were moving north during the Great Trek Transvaal and the Orange Free State were actually created in Zulu lands Battles erupted between Boers and Zulus and continued for years Ended when British joined the Boers and defeated the Zulus at the Battle of Blood River in 1879

10. Mine, Mine, Mine • Diamonds discovered in 1860 and gold in 1871 • Fighting between indigenous groups such as Zulu and European powers erupted into the Anglo-Boer War

11. Anglo-Boer War Europeans eager to get rich so they went into the Transvaal and the Orange Free State, which was where the Boers were living British wanted the gold and political control over two Boer republics British resented earlier defeat in First Boer War 1902: Dutch lost the war to the British

12. Policies Why do you have to carry around passes? Government policies began to hurt Africans, who were denied status as lawful citizens, had to live near their workplaces permanently and who couldn’t travel without government pass Labor Unions and the South African Labour Party battled to ensure that Europeans remained in power and the nonwhites gained no power, even through violence

13. Legislation and Strikes Mines and Works Act of 1911: government board certified those who can work in “hazardous” jobs in attempt to dehumanize the non-Europeans December 1921: a plan to hire Africans was ended by massive strike that closed down a mining region for 2 months, showing that Whites willing to do anything to keep jobs and stay in power Colour Bar Act of 1926: continued to keep blacks from moving into more favorable jobs

14. Independence • South Africa became an independent British dominion 1910, then an independent nation in 1966 • Whites were the minority (15%) but ruled • Blacks were about 70%, Coloreds (or mixed) were about 11% • The Nationalist Party, supported by Dutch settlers, was racistand strengthened racial discrimination

15. From Colour Bar to Apartheid Mid-1930s: long period of prosperity began Colour Bar kept peace among people Post-WWII: whites afraid that blacks might rise up against them Afrikaner National Party implemented apartheid in the 1940s, which was seen as crucial to making sure white labor was protected

16. Apartheid Legislation Population Registration Act of 1950: 3 racial groups for South Africans: Bantu, white, Coloured (mixed race), with Asians joining at a later time Group Areas Acts of 1950: dictated where certain races could live Land Acts of 1954, 1955: restricted nonwhites to specific areas

17. The above is a “homeland” for an indigenous South African

18. Legislative Effects Social interaction between groups, especially marriage, was illegal Black ethnic groups such as the Xhosas were sent to live in bantustans, or homelands This was supposed to allow each group to develop its own culture free of interference Problem: 9 million South Africans denationalized and four-fifths of the best land went to the white farmers

19. Legal Separation of Races South Africa needed black workers, so laws were passed to control their movement Workers were required to live in a town or city and carry a passport that listed workplace, home, tax payments or criminal charges People were fined or jailed for not obeying the laws.

22. Nonviolent Resistance Albert Luthuli won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1960 for his promotion of nonviolent resistance to fight apartheid Archbishop Desmond Tutu also won the Nobel Peace Prize for nonviolent resistance

23. Sharpeville Massacre Protestors demonstrated against the laws that forced blacks to carry passports everywhere. Sharpeville is what was Transvaal. Police fired on protestors, killing more than 60 people on March 21st, 1960.

24. Uphill Battle The ANC (African National Congress) was a political group banned by the South African government. Nelson Mandela led the ANC, was captured and sentenced to life in prison in 1964. More than 20,000 women rallied in Pretoria to demonstrate against the pass laws

25. Struggle Against Apartheid 1976: protest against use of Afrikaans (the language of white South Africans descended from Dutch) in public schools by Soweto students Stephen Biko was a noted anti-Apartheid activist who was arrested and beaten by the police. He died while in custody.

26. Weakening of Apartheid Late 1980’s: global economic pressure began to weaken apartheid’s grip in South Africa Political protests, global economic sanctions and the end of the Cold War took it’s toll on apartheid F. W. de Klerk lifted the ban of the ANC and began talks with black leaders in 1989 and 1990

27. Change Mandela was released from prison in 1990 By 1994 a new constitution was put in place and elections were held. Mandela became president but still faced white minority opposition South Africa still struggling to overcome apartheid today