AFRICA AND AMERICAS

1. AFRICA AND AMERICAS

2. I. KUSHITES CONQUER THE NILE A. PEOPLE OF NUBIA (KUSH) 1. LOCATION a. SOUTH OF EGYPT b. BETWEEN FIRST CATARACT AND FORK OF BLUE AND WHITE NILE

3. KUSH

4. 2. LINK FOR TRADE a. NORTH – EGYPT AND MED. b. SOUTH – INTERIOR AFRICA AND RED SEA

5. 3. INTERACTION OF EGYPT AND NUBIA a. NAPATA – CAPITAL, BECAME CENTER FOR SPREAD OF EGYPTIAN CULTURE

6. b. ADOPTION OF EGYPTIAN CULTURE 1.) LANGUAGE 2.) RELIGION 3.) CULTURE AND CLOTHING

7. c. EGYPT’S DECLINE 1.) KUSH TRIED TO RESTORE EGYPTIAN CULTURE 2.) CONQUERED PARTS OF EGYPT

8. II. AKSUM (AXUM) A. LOCATION 1. ETHIOPIAN HIGHLANDS NEAR THE RED SEA AND NILE RIVER 2. LOCATED ON TRADE ROUTES CONNECTING THE ARABIAN PENINSULA, KUSH & EGYPT, AND INDIAN OCEAN MARITIME ROUTES

9. AKSUM

10. B. GROWTH AND CULTURAL DIFFUSION 1. CONQUERED KUSH AND NORTHERN ETHIOPIA 2. RELIGION INITIALLY POLYTHEISTIC WITH NATURE SPIRITS 3. CONVERTED TO CHRISTIANITY AROUND 4TH CENTURY A.D.

11. III. SOUTH AFRICA AND GREAT ZIMBABWE A. LOCATION AND GEOGRAPHY 1. BETWEEN ZAMBEZI (NORTH) AND LIMPOPO (SOUTH) RIVERS 2. ON WELL WATERED PLATEAU

13. B. GREAT ZIMBABWE 1. CONTROLLED TRADE ROUTES TO GOLD FIELDS 2. TAXES - TAXED TRADERS USING TRADE ROUTES

14. ...ZIMBABWE 3. EFFECT – BECAME ECONOMIC, POLITICAL, & RELIGIOUS CENTER 4. AREA EVENTUALLY ADOPTED ISLAM THROUGH TRADE ROUTES

15. IV. GHANA A. LOCATION 1. CENTRAL WESTERN AFRICA 2. NORTH OF NIGER RIVER 3. SOUTH OF SAHARAN DESERT

17. NIGER RIVER GHANA

18. B. GOLD FOR SALT TRADE 1. GOLD a. LOCATION – FROM FORESTED AREA BETWEEN NIGER AND SENEGAL RIVERS

19. ...GOLD b. MINED OR TAKEN FROM RIVERS c. TRADE – TRADED FOR SALT AND GOODS

20. 2. SALT a. LOCATION – SALT FROM SAHARAN DESERT b. TRADE 1.) CARAVANS CARRIED SALT & MED. GOODS

21. …SALT 2.) TRADED FOR GOODS FROM MED. AND GOLD FROM GHANA

22. ...SALT c. ESTABLISHED TRANS-SAHARAN TRADE ROUTES FROM N. AFRICA TO SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA

23. GHANA

24. GHANA

25. C. ISLAMIC INFLUENCES 1. SPREAD – BY TRADE AND CONQUEST 2. CONVERSION a. RULERS AND UPPER CLASS CONVERTED (NOT LOWER CLASSES)

26. b. POLYTHEISTIC BELIEFS IN ISLAM 1.) ANIMISM – BELIEF THAT SPIRITS ARE PRESENT IN PLANT, ANIMAL, AND OTHER NATURAL FORCES INCLUDING SOULS OF THE DEAD ANCESTORS 2.) OBSERVED BY LOWER CLASSES ALONG WITH ISLAM

27. V. MALI A. LOCATION 1. SOUTH OF SAHARA 2. SOUTHERN BORDER BOTH SIDES OF NIGER RIVER

29. B. GOLD-SALT TRADE 1. MALI BUILT WEALTH ON GOLD 2. FOUND NEW DEPOSITS TO THE EAST 3. SHIFTED TRADE ROUTES EAST

30. C. MANSA MUSA 1. MANSA – EMPEROR 2. EXPANDED EMPIRE AND DIVIDED INTO PROVINCES

31. MANSA MUSA

32. 3. EFFECTS OF HAJJ a. BUILT MOSQUES IN CITY b. TIMBUKTU 1.) BECAME IMPORTANT CITY

33. ...HAJJ 2.) ATTRACTED JUDGES, DOCTORS, RELIGIOUS LEADERS, &SCHOLARS 3.) EFFECT – SPREAD ISLAM THROUGHOUT REGION

34. VI. SONGHAI A. LOCATION 1. SOUTH OF SAHARAN DESERT 2. SOUTHERN BORDER BOTH SIDES OF NIGER RIVER

36. ...LOCATION 3. FURTHEST EAST ALONG NIGER RIVER 4. TRADE ROUTES – GAINED CONTROL OVER ALL MAJOR TRADE ROUTES

37. B. GOLD FOR SALT TRADE 1. CONTINUED TRADE ACROSS SAHARA 2. CONTINUED SPREAD OF ISLAM

38. VII. MAYAN A. LOCATION 1. FROM SOUTHERN MEXICO TO NORTHERN CENTRAL AMERICA 2. CONTROLLED YUCATAN PENINSULA

40. B. URBAN CENTERS 1. CITY STATES – STARTED AS COLLECTION OF INDEPENDENT CITY-STATES a. RULED BY A GOD-KING b. CENTERS FOR TRADE & RELIGION c. CHICHEN ITZA – MAJOR CITY STATE

41. 2. ARCHITECTURE a. GIANT PYRAMIDS b. TEMPLES c. PALACES d. ELABORATE STONE CARVINGS

43. C. AGRICULTURE AND TRADE 1. LINKS – THROUGH TRADE AND ALLIANCES 2. GOODS TRADED – SALT, FLINT, FEATHERS, SHELLS, CLOTH, HONEY, SHELLS

44. ...AGRICULTURE 3. MONEY – CACAO BEANS (CHOCOLATE) 4. BASIS OF MAYAN LIFE a. AGRICULTURE b. CROPS – 1.) MAIZE 2.) BEANS 3.) SQUASH

45. D. RELIGION 1. POLYTHEISTIC WITH NATURE SPIRITS 2. PERFORMED SOME HUMAN SACRIFICE

48. VIII. AZTEC A. LOCATION & GEOGRAPHY 1. VALLEY OF MEXICO 2. MODERN DAY MEXICO CITY 3. SEVERAL LARGE, SHALLOW LAKES

50. B. URBAN CENTERS 1. TEOTIHUACÁN a. FIRST MAJOR CITY STATE b. CENTER OF TRADE NETWORK