Peacekeeping

1. Consent of the parties Non-use of force except in self-defence and defence of the mandate Impartiality Peacekeeping

2. Peacekeeping • Whatdoesitmean? • Whatisit? • What do you know about it?

3. Clayton Matchee and ShidaneAbukarArone, Somalia, March 1993 Consequences: Second degree murder and torture against MCplMatchee and Pte Brown (served 5 yrs) Torture and negligent performance of duty against Sgt Boland and PteBrocklebank

4. Operation Deliverance • 900 Canadian Soldier sent on a peacekeeping mission to Somalia • Canadian Airborne Regiment is one of the groups deployed on this mission, disbanded in 1995 after the Somalia Inquiry • Chapter VII mandate: authorizes use of force to accomplish mandate

5. A little bit of history… • The first form of a peacekeeping force was used in the Middle East to monitor an armistice between Israel and neighbouring Arab states in 1948. • The first armed peacekeeping force was created in 1956. • Canadian Lester B. Pearson was integral in the decision-making process that created the United Nations' first armed peacekeeping force during the Suez crisis and was awarded the Nobel Peace prize in 1957 for its creation. • In the beginning, UN peacekeeping goals were primarily limited to maintaining ceasefires and stabilizing situations.

6. Changes • During the Cold War period (1945-1990) UN peacekeeping goals were primarily limited to maintaining ceasefires and stabilizing situations on the ground. This enabled states to resolve conflict peacefully at the political level. Most conflicts were between states as opposed to internal. • However, today the majority of wars are characterised by internal armed conflicts. These conflicts can be found in countries where state capacity is weak, the desire for economic gain is powerful, or past grievances place strain on the present. • A large proportion of civil wars are due to a relapse of conflict and are high in the first 5-10 years following the resolution of a conflict. • Today, peacekeeping missions are seen as multidimensional and far more complex.

7. A few characteristics of peacekeeping… • Primarily state actors • High intensityconflictswith a short duration • Occurredafterceasefires • Two or more states • Implementation/ facilitation of agreements- peace • Respect for international humanitarianlaw • UN and aidagenciesaccepted as impartial • Increase of non-state actors • Lowintensityconflicts over an extendedperiod of time • Single state • Application of force to end fighting, to protectcivilians • Combattants typicallyguilty of war crimes • UN personnel and aidworkers are no longer seen as impartial • Hybrid missions (UN/AU) Then (1947-1990) Now (1991-present)

8. The creation of a mission… The United Nations Security Council normally creates and defines peacekeeping missions(the mandate). 9 out of 15 Security members must be in favour of initiating a mission or make amendments to an existing mission. If China, France, the Russian Federation, the United Kingdom or the United States—votes against the proposal, it fails. The United Nations Charter stipulates that to assist in maintaining peace and security around the world, all Member States of the UN should make available to the Security Council necessary armed forces and facilities. A mandate is thus established once a mission has been approved. In the mandate it will stipulate whether Human Rights Law or International Humanitarian Law will apply. A mandate, essentially, are the rules and objectives of a mission.

9. Conflict Prevention P O L I T I C A L P R O C E S S Conflict Peacemaking Peace enforcement Po Ceasefire Peacekeeping Post-conflict peace building and preventing relapse to conflict

10. Today, a multidimensional PK force must: • Create a secure and stable environment while strengthening the State’s ability to provide security, with full respect for the rule of law and human rights; • Facilitate the political process by promoting dialogue and reconciliation and supporting the establishment of legitimate and effective institutions of governance; • Provide a framework for ensuring that all United Nations and other international actors pursue their activities at the country-level in a coherent and coordinated manner.

11. INTERNATIONAL MEDIA UNHQ NEW YORK CJTF ANTI-GOVERNMENT DIASPORAS FRIENDLY NEIGHBOURING STATE(S) UN LSD NEW YORK OHCHR GENEVA UN DPKO NEW YORK UN DPA NEW YORK UNHCR GENEVA WHO HOST NATION GOVERNMENT FACTIONAL GOVERNMENT A SRSG FACTIONAL GOVERNMENT B HOST NATION FACTIONAL GOVERNMENT C Conduct and Discipline Communications & Public Affairs Legal Advisor Joint Operations Centre Joint Mission Analysis Centre Military Advisor HOSTILE NEIGHBOURING STATE(S) IDPs Refugees HOST NATION REGIONAL GOVERNMENT HOST NATION MINISTRY OF DEFENCE HOST NATION MINISTRY OF INTERIOR LCC MCC ACC SOCC POCC Chief Administrative Officer D/SRSG Operations and the Rule of Law D/SRSG Humanitarian Coordination, Recovery and Reconstruction FACTIONAL REGIONAL GOVERNMENTS FACTIONAL DEFENCE AND SECURITY SECTORS HOST NATION MILITARY HOST NATION POLICE HOST NATION LOCAL GOVT Gender Issues Child Protection HIV/AIDS Advisor Mine Action FACTIONAL LOCAL GOVTs Humanitarian UN Agencies Administrative Services Integrated Support Services UNPOL Commissioner Human Rights Electoral Assistance Rule of Law, Judicial and Penal Political Affairs Military Force Commander FACTIONAL MILITARY FACTIONAL POLICE UNESCO ISTAR MSU Police Training Unit Police Monitoring Hostile Elements Gendarmerie unit Personnel Finance Engineering/ Facilities Management Assets Management HR Promotion Group MN MN HR Protection Group Peacekeeping Force MN Technical Support Group Liaison Group Admin Services Group UNMO Contingent Foreign Military Forces HOST NATION MEDIA WFP ILO OCHA UNHCR UNAIDS UNIFEM OHCHR Procurement General Admin Services Transport Comms and IT PRO-GOVERNMENT DIASPORAS Police College Field Training Sector EASt Sector WEST Sector NORTH Sector SOUTH Indigenous Training Partner Training In-House Training Legal Forensic Investi-gations Analysis SRSG Liaison Force Liaison UNMO UNPOL Liaison UNMO Liaison Pool UNMO International Red Cross Movement PEACE OPERATIONS - SIMPLIFIED MODEL INTERNATIONAL COMMUNITY WAR HOST NATION POPULATIONS

12. Humanitarian Intervention • refers to armed interference in one state by another state(s) with the objective of ending or reducing the suffering of the population within the first state. • Causes for suffering could be conflict (i.e. civil war); crimes committed by the state (i.e. genocide) and humanitarian crises (famine, natural disasters) • Individual states can choose to act with the consent of the UN (Security Council approval) or in the past Peacekeepers have been used.

13. A few new actors in peacekeeping… • The UN is no longer the onlyactor in peaceoperations. A few organisations are: African Union (AU) EconomicCommunity of West African States (ECOWAS) Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) European Union (EU) North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO)

14. References • http://pbpu.unlb.org/pbps/Library/Capstone_Doctrine_ENG.pdf • http://www.peaceoperations.org/ • http://www.un.org/Depts/dpko/dpko/index.asp • Arnusch, Aleisha. Then & Now: Peacekeeping to PRTs. Pearson Peacekeeping Centre. 2007