Human-Computer Interaction Laboratory Interdisciplinary research community - Computer Science & Psychology

1. The Future of the Web:Visual, Social, UniversalBen Shneiderman(ben@cs.umd.edu)Director, Human-Computer Interaction Laboratory Professor, Department of Computer ScienceMember, Institutes for Advanced Computer Studies &Systems ResearchUniversity of MarylandCollege Park, MD 20742

2. Human-Computer Interaction Laboratory Interdisciplinary research community - Computer Science & Psychology - Information Studies & Education www.cs.umd.edu/hcil

3. User Interface Design Goals • Cognitively comprehensible: Consistent, predictable & controllable • Affectively acceptable: Mastery, satisfaction & responsibility NOT: Adaptive, autonomous & anthropomorphic

4. Consistent Predictable Controllable User Interface Design Goals • Cognitively comprehensible: Consistent, predictable & controllable • Affectively acceptable: Mastery, satisfaction & responsibility NOT: Adaptive, autonomous & anthropomorphic

5. Design Issues • Input devices & strategies • Keyboards, pointing devices, voice • Direct manipulation • Menus, forms, commands • Output devices & formats • Screens, windows, color, sound • Text, tables, graphics • Instructions, messages, help • Collaboration & communities • Manuals, tutorials, training www.awl.com/DTUI hcibib.org usableweb.com

6. Scientific Approach(beyond user friendly) • Specify users and tasks • Predict and measure • time to learn • speed of performance • rate of human errors • human retention over time • Assess subjective satisfaction (Questionnaire for User Interaction Satisfaction 7.0, www.lap.umd.edu/QUIS/index.html) • Accommodate individual differences • Consider social, organizational & cultural context

7. U.S. Library of Congress • Scholars, Journalists, Citizens • Teachers, Students

8. Visible Human Explorer (NLM) • Doctors • Surgeons • Researchers • Students

9. NASA Environmental Data • Scientists • Farmers • Land planners • Students

10. U.S. Bureau of Census • Economists, Policy makers, Journalists • Teachers, Students

11. Web Design Strategies to Empower Users:Visual, Social, Universal

12. Consistent Predictable Controllable 1) Visual Design • Visual bandwidth is enormous • Human perceptual skills are remarkable • Trend, cluster, gap, outlier... • Color, size, shape, proximity... • Human image storage is fast and vast • Opportunities • Spatial layouts & coordination • Information visualization • Scientific visualization & simulation • Telepresence & augmented reality • Virtual environments

15. Treemap - view large trees with node values • Space filling • Space limited • Color coding • Size coding • Requires learning TreeViz (Mac, Johnson, 1992) NBA-Tree(Sun, Turo, 1993) Winsurfer (Teittinen, 1996) Diskmapper (Windows, Micrologic) Treemap97 (Windows, UMd) Shneiderman, ACM Trans. on Graphics, 1992 www.cs.umd.edu/hcil/treemaps

16. Treemap - Stock market, clustered by industry

18. Temporal Info Viz - LifeLines

19. LifeLines

20. 2) Social Support: Concepts • Online communities • E-commerce customer service & consumer conversations • Medical support groups & information exchange • Educational discussions & teamwork • Neighborhood forums & political organizing • Technologies • Synchronous text: Instant messaging, chat rooms • Asynchronous text: Listservs, bulletin boards, newsgroups • Audio,video, virtual realities

21. 2) Social Support: Active Worlds

22. Consistent Predictable Controllable 2) Social Support: Goals • Supporting Sociability • People: Target a population • Purposes: Clearly state focus • Policies: Make expectations explicit • behavior, privacy, moderation, joining rules • Designing Usability • Users: Know the users • Tasks: Understand frequencies and sequences • Systems: Choose seamless combinations of tools Online Communities: Supporting Sociability, Designing Usability Jenny Preece, John Wiley & Sons, June 2000

23. Defining Trust • Trust is the expectation that arises within a community of regular, honest, and cooperative behavior, based on commonly shared norms, on the part of the members of that community. - Francis Fukuyama, Trust, 1995 • Trust indicates a positive belief about the perceived reliability of, dependability of, and confidence in a person, object, or process. - B. J. Fogg, CHI99

24. Defining Trust - Revised • Trust is the positive expectation a person has for another person or organization that is based on past performance and truthful future guarantees • People rely on tools or processes Truthful Future Guarantees Responsible Person Organization Tool Process ` Trusts Person Rely on

25. Internet Design Credo Empower individuals by clarifying responsibility Promote participation by ensuring trust

26. 2) Social Support: Trust • Invite participation by ensuring trust • Disclose patterns of past performance • Provide references from past and current users • Get certifications from third parties • Make policies for privacy & security easy to find & read • Accelerate action by clarifying responsibility • Clarify each participant's responsibilities • Provide clear guarantees with compensation • Describe dispute resolution and mediation services Communications of the ACM, Dec.2000, Special Issue on Trust

27. On-Web Deception and Trust Big Al's Investments Trusted Securities P.O. Box 83737 Bahamas Make a Million in a Month We did it, you can too! Invest now! Type your credit card # _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ On the web since 1993 Approved by SEC Visit our 240 investment centers or online service assistants or call 1-800-TRUSTED Over 80,000 customers - see their ratings and comments Read our Customer Protection and Privacy Policy Full money-back guarantee

28. Consistent Predictable Controllable 3) Universal Usability • Technology variety: Support broad range of hardware, software, and network access • User diversity: Accommodate users with different skills, knowledge, age, gender, literacy, culture, income, disabilities, disabling conditions (mobility, injury, noise, light)... • Gaps in user knowledge: Bridge the gap between what users know and what they need to know Communications of the ACM, May 2000

29. 1 to 100 range in network bandwidth 9.6K 56K 10,000Kbps Technology variety: Support broad range of hardware, software, and network access Device Independence Input: keyboard, speech,... Output: visual, auditory,... Conversion: Text-speech Speech-text,... 1 to 100 range in processor speeds 286 486 Pentium 1 to 100 range in screen sizes Palm devices Laptops Large Desktop or Wall Display 30,000 480,000 3,840,000 pixels Software Versions Compatibility File conversion Multiple platforms

30. Language & Culture Western, Eastern, developing... Personality Introvert vs extravert Thinking vs feeling Risk aversion Locus of control Planful vs playful User diversity: Accommodate different users Disabilities Visual, auditory, motoric, cognitiveDisabling conditions Mobility, injury, noise, sunlight Age Young to old Gender Male or Female Income Impoverished to wealthy Skills Computer newbie to hacker Knowledge Domain novice to expert

31. Gaps in User Knowledge - Strategies Bridge the gap between what users know and what they need to know Online Learning (evolutionary, phased) Introductory tutorials Getting started manuals, Cue cards Walkthroughs/Demos Minimalist/Active Design Layered Level-structured Task-oriented Training Fade-able scaffolding Training wheels Minimalist Online help Context sensitive, tables of contents, Indexes, Keyword search, FAQs, Newsgroups, Chat rooms Online communities Customer service Email Phone Help desks

32. Thomas Jefferson I feel... an ardent desire to see knowledge so disseminated through the mass of mankind that it may...reach even the extremes of society: beggars and kings. -- Reply to American Philosophical Society, 1808

33. Human-Computer Interaction Laboratory www.cs.umd.edu/hcil