Fitness for activities

2. Bones Fitness for activities In order to understand the way in which the body works, it is useful to know some of the terms that are used to refer to the main bones in the body. Do you know where to find the: Patella? Ribs? Clavicle? Pelvis? Femur? Scapula? Sternum? Tibia / fibula? Humerus? Radius / ulna?

3. Bones Fitness for activities Ribs

4. Bones Fitness for activities Humerus These are the upper arm bones.

5. Bones Fitness for activities Sternum Also known as the breastbone.

6. Bones Fitness for activities Clavicle This is also known as the collarbone. There is one on each side!

7. Bones Fitness for activities Scapula This is also known as the shoulder blade. There is one on each side!

8. Bones Fitness for activities Pelvis

9. Bones Fitness for activities Femur Also known as the upper leg bone. We have two of these.

10. Bones Fitness for activities Tibia fibula and

11. Bones Fitness for activities and Radius ulna

12. Bones Fitness for activities Patella The kneecaps

13. Bones Fitness for activities What is the skeleton for? The skeleton performs five basic functions: Protection Support Movement Shape Making blood cells

14. Bones Fitness for activities How do our joints work? Firstly, the bones within the skeleton need to be held together by something that will allow movement – something that is flexible. Ligaments are strong threads of tissue that connect bone to bone and hold the bones in position. Tendons attach muscles to bones. This allows leverage to be applied or a force to be applied to a muscle. Cartilage is a cushioning substance that sits between two bones where they meet. It stops the bones from wearing each other away. Ligaments connect bones to bones Tendons connect muscles to bones Cartilage cushions bones

15. Bones Fitness for activities How do our joints work? The joints can be broken down into three broad categories: Fixed or immovable joints which, as their name suggests, are fixed in position. These joints are sometimes called fibrous joints. Cartilaginous joints which can move a little – sometimes called slightly movable joints. Synovial joints are sometimes called freely movable joints. E.g. the joints between the plates of bone that make up the skull E.g. the joints in the spine E.g. the shoulder

16. Bones Fitness for activities How do our joints work? The joints can be broken down into three broad categories: Fixed or immovable joints, which are sometimes called fibrous joints. The joints between the plates of bone that make up the skull • The joints are held firmly together by connective tissue • There is no movement between the joints • Teeth are held in their sockets in the same way

17. Bones Fitness for activities How do our joints work? The joints can be broken down into three broad categories: Cartilaginous joints are sometimes called slightly movable joints. The joints in the spine contain cartilage. • Cartilage lines the joint between the bones reducing friction • The joint can move freely • The bones are held together by ligaments

18. Bones Fitness for activities How do our joints work? The joints can be broken down into three broad categories: Cartilaginous joints are sometimes called slightly movable joints. The joints in the spine contain cartilage. • Cartilage lines the joint between the bones reducing friction • The cartilage acts as a cushion between the bones • The bones can move slightly but ligaments will stop them from moving too far

19. Bones Fitness for activities How do our joints work? The joints can be broken down into three broad categories: Synovial Joints are sometimes called freely movable joints. Cartilage cushions the bones • Synovial fluid lubricates the joint • The synovial membrane contains the synovial fluid • The moving parts are held together by ligaments • An example of such a joint is the elbow

20. Bones Fitness for activities How do our joints work? There are five ways in which a joint can move: 1 Flexion, this is closing a joint. The example here shows a person picking something up. Remember that it is the closing of the joint that is called flexion.

21. Bones Fitness for activities How do our joints work? There are five ways in which a joint can move: 2 Extension, this is opening a joint. The example here shows a person releasing the tension in their arm. Remember that it is the opening of the joint that is called extension.

22. Bones Fitness for activities How do our joints work? There are five ways in which a joint can move: 3 Abduction, this is moving away from a central position. The example here shows a person moving their fingers apart. Raising your arms from your side is abduction too.

23. Bones Fitness for activities How do our joints work? There are five ways in which a joint can move: 4 Adduction, this is moving towards a central position. The example here shows a person moving their fingers together. Lowering your arms from a raised position to your side is adduction too.

24. Bones Fitness for activities How do our joints work? There are five ways in which a joint can move: 5 Rotation, this is turning of a limb, either clockwise or anticlockwise. The example here shows how our neck allows us to rotate our head. Note that your wrists do not allow rotation of your hand – the wrists do not make the rotation.

25. 1 3 4 Flexion, this is closing a joint. Abduction, this is moving away from a central position. Adduction, this is moving towards a central position. 2 Extension, this is opening a joint. 5 Rotation, this is the turning of a limb, either clockwise or anticlockwise. Bones Fitness for activities How do our joints work? There are five ways in which a joint can move: We use these 5 movements to jump, kick, throw …