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Reinforcing internationalisation. The case of Latin America . . . António Marques University of Porto, Portugal General Assembly of the Santander Group Cluj, 11-13 June. . . . Summary Latin American HE systems: > Current situation > Challenges and opportunities
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Reinforcing internationalisation.The case ofLatin America... António Marques UniversityofPorto, Portugal General Assembly of the Santander Group Cluj, 11-13 June.
...Summary Latin American HE systems: >Current situation >Challenges and opportunities >Impact on the internationalisation >5 Countries, 71.2% of the whole LAn population. >Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Mexico
...Higher Education Institutions HEIs Private Universities ARGENTINA 94 55% 79 BRAZIL1637 88% 162 CHILE 229 89% 63 COLOMBIA 320 68% 105 MEXICO 1250 59% 267 (Theiler 2005; Laus, Morosini, 2005; Sanchez, 2005; Jaramillo, 2005; Gacel-Ávila, 2005)
...Student Enrollment Undergraduate Undergraduates % (17-24 y.o.) ARGENTINA 1.3 million 40% BRAZIL 3,5 million 17% COLOMBIA 0,99 million 20% MEXICO 2,1 million 22% Latin America 30% OECD countries 56% (Theiler 2005; Laus, Morosini, 2005; Sanchez, 2005; Jaramillo, 2005; Gacel-Ávila, 2005)
...Student Enrollment Graduate Graduate Students ARGENTINA4.0% BRAZIL 2.8% CHILE 4.0% COLOMBIA 0.8% Latin America (2000) 2.4% (Theiler 2005; CAPES, 2007; Sanchez, 2005; Jaramillo, 2005)
...Student Enrollment Expansion Approaches to Expansion: >Argentina, Mexico, Uruguay, Venezuela: Public universities have expanded and new public HEI have been created to absorb the demand. >Brazil, Chile, Colombia, and Peru: The expansion was the result of a growing privatisation of education. (Holm-Nielsen, et al. 2005)
...Post-graduate programmes Master Doctorates ARGENTINA 255 142 BRAZIL 2538 1302 CHILE 364 75 COLOMBIA 323 47 (Theiler 2005; CAPES, 2007; Sanchez, 2005; Jaramillo, 2005)
...Qualifications of teaching staff Staff with PhDs (%) Argentina 12 Colombia 4 Brazil 30 Chile 13 Mexico 4 Latin America average: 7 (Holm-Nielsen, et al. 2005)
...PhD degrees Ratios (new PhDs a year) BRAZIL 1 : 70,000 people CHILE 1 : 140,000 COLOMBIA 1 : 700,000 OECD countries 1 : 5,000 (Holm-Nielsen, et al. 2005)
...Internationalisation. Situation >Interest in the internationalization process began only in the 1990s. >Internationalization of education not yet important on the political agenda. >A large number of LAn students study outside LA, and many HEIs graduates emigrate to the north. >LAn countries have not been able to develop adequate strategies to attract foreign students. >Recent reforms of higher education in LA are broadly consistent with international trends. (Holm-Nielsen, et al. 2005)
...Student mobility World student mobility (2005) 2.7 million Asia 45% Europe 23% Africa 10% Latin America 5% North America 3.5% (Source: Education at a glance, OECD, 2007)(Gacel-Ávila, 2009)
...Student mobility Barriers >Lack of curricular flexibility and credit transfer mechanisms. >Insufficient command of foreign languages among staff and students. >Lack of economic resources to finnance studies abroad. >A student body that studies mainly part-time. (Gacel-Ávila, 2009)
...Cultural Factors. Language • CHILEChileans are less proficient in English than other Latin Americans. To • help combat the problem, the mastery of a second language is mandatory • before graduation in many traditional universities. • COLOMBIAOne of the greatest barriers for internationalization is the inadequate • command of a second language by faculty and students. As a consequence, • important opportunities for participation in international projects are lost. • MEXICO66% of public HEIs and 86% of private HEIs require their students to • acquire credits in a foreign language as a requirement for graduating. (Sanchez, 2005; Jaramillo, 2005; Gacel-Ávila, 2005)
...Brain Drain ARGENTINA 55% of graduate students in the USA want to stay there. CHILE In 1973 many scholars were forced to emigrate. Some returned to Chile in the 1990s. COLOMBIA Brain drain increased in recent years. (Theiler, 2005; Sanchez, 2005; Holm-Nielsen, et al. 2005; Jaramillo, 2005)
...Brain Drain Return Programmes BRAZIL80% of its graduate students return. CHILEhas established centers of excellence to raise the quality of research and to lure back highly skilled nationals. COLOMBIA Programme “Colombia NosUne”, recently established by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, seek to strengthen links between Colombia and Colombian communities abroad. MEXICO Between 1991 and 2000 a program funded the repatriation of more than 2,000 Mexican researchers living in 33 countries. (Sanchez, 2005; Holm-Nielsen, et al. 2005; Jaramillo, 2005; Gacel-Ávila, 2009)
...Attracting foreign students >OECD 10 foreign students per 100 national students >Chile, Argentina, Mexico Less than 1% of enrollees in HE (Holm-Nielsen, et al. 2005)
...Internationalisation Main motivations >To improve quality standards in Education (particularly at graduate level) and Research. (Argentina, Brazil, Colombia, Mexico) >To increase proficiency in foreign languages (Brazil) >To be more competitive, work better in international environments and develop the nation (Brazil, Chile) >Generate revenues and reduce state costs (Chile, Colombia) (Theiler, 2005; Laus, Morosini, 2005; Sanchez, 2005; Jaramillo, 2005; Gacel-Ávila, 2005)
...Internationalisation Main strategies >Growing participation in international networks and partnerships (Argentina, Mexico) >Creation of joint/double graduate programmes with foreign universities (Argentina, Brazil, Chile) >Joint research activities with foreign institutions (Argentina, Mexico) >Growing participation in students, staff and researchers mobility programmes (Argentina, Chile, Mexico) (Theiler, 2005; Laus, Morosini, 2005; Sanchez, 2005; Gacel-Ávila, 2005)
...HE Cooperation LA - EU Collaborative activities between LA and the EU have increased steadily since the 1990s. This has occurred mainly through the programmes: ALFA ALBAN ERASMUS MUNDUS
...ALFA ALFA Ipromote academic exchanges between HEIs of EU and LA. >1994-1999: involved 1064 institutions; 846 projects were selected. ALFA II To develop the institutional cooperation and the scientific and technical training within HEIs of EU and LA. >2000-2006: involved 770 institutions, 225 projects were selected. ALFA III Three components: >“Joint Partnerships” of European and LA HEIs >“Structural Measures" that aim to reform education systems in LA. >"Accompanying Measures", horizontal activities to promote the Programme's visibility and results of approved projects. >2008-2013: involving 133 institutions, 14 projects were selected. (Data Source: http://ec.europa.eu/europeaid/where/latin-america/regional-cooperation/alfa/)
...ALBAN A high level scholarship programme. >2000-2010: a total of 3319 applicants from 18 Latin American countries were selected to receive an Alßan scholarship. Scholarships Master 1,803 Doctorate 1,426 Advanced Specialisation 90 Total 3,319 (Data Source: http://www.programalban.org/)
...ERASMS MUNDUS ERASMUS MUNDUS. Action 1 Joint programmes Foster cooperation between HEIs and academic staff in Europe and Third Countries with a view to creating poles of excellence and providing highly trained human resources. ERASMUS MUNDUS. Action 2 Partnerships (former EMECW) Partnerships are the basis for enhancing academic cooperation and exchanges of students and academics, contributing to the socio-economic development of non-EU countries targeted by EU external cooperation policy. ERASMUS MUNDUS. Action 3 Promotion of European Higher Education Promotes European HE through measures enhancing the attractiveness of Europe as an educational destination and a centre of excellence at world level.
...ERASMUS MUNDUS Action 2 Partnerships (former EMECW) >5 consortia: Brazil (3) + Chile (1) + Mexico (1) >816 mobilities Mobilities >Undergraduate 236 >Master 205 >Doctorate 241 >Post docs 72 >Academic staff 62 Total 816 (Data Source: http://eacea.ec.europa.eu/)
... Impact on internationalisation
...LA Universities on the Rankings1 >Academic Ranking of World Universities (2008)Shangai JTU Country World Rank University of São Paulo Brazil 101 - 151 University of Buenos Aires Argentina152 - 200 University of México (UNAM) México 152 - 200 State University of Campinas (UNICAMP) Brazil 201 - 302 Federal University of Minas Gerais Brazil 303 - 401 Federal University of Rio de Janeiro Brazil 303 - 401 Pontificia Univ Catolica Chile Chile 402 - 503 University of Chile Chile 402 - 503 State University Paulista (UNESP) Brazil 402 - 503 Federal University of Rio Grande Sul Brazil 402 - 503
...LA Universities on the Rankings2 >THES - QS World University Rankings (2008) Country World Rank University of México (UNAM) México 150 University of São Paulo Brazil 196 University of Buenos Aires Argentina197 Pontificia Univ Catolica Chile Chile 241 State University of Campinas (UNICAMP) Brazil 249 Austral University Argentina 309 University of Chile Chile 320 Instituto Tecnológico y de Estudios Superiores México 328 Federal University of Rio de Janeiro Brazil 334 Universidad ORT Uruguay 387 University of Belgrano Argentina 401 - 500 State University Paulista (UNESP) Brazil 401 - 500 Pontificia Univ Catolica Peru Peru 401 - 500 Pontificia Univ Catolica Rio Janeiro Brazil 401 - 500 University Torcuato di Tella Argentina 401 - 500
...Publications 2007. Country Indicators World Rank Publications Brazil 15 28,232 Mexico 30 9,436 Argentina 36 6,937 Chile 43 4,289 Colombia 53 1,864 Venezuela 55 1,527 Cuba 57 1,438 Peru 75 579 Uruguay 76 574 (Data Source: Scopus)
...Web of Science indexed papers 1981-06 Data source: ISI, National Science Indicators and Ministry of Science and Technology, Brazil
