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The Design, Operation, and Maintenance of Building Systems, Part I

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The Design, Operation, and Maintenance of Building Systems, Part I

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  1. BOMI INSTITUTE BOMI INST MI INSTITUTE BOMI INSTIT UTE BOMI INSTITUTE BO NSTITUTE BOMI INSTITUTE BOMI INSTITUTE BOMI INS TITUTE BOMI INSTITUTE BOMI INSTITUTE BOMI INST MI INSTITUTE BOMI INSTIT UTE BOMI INSTITUTE BO NSTITUTE BOMI INSTITUTE BOMI INSTITUTE BOMI INS TITUTE BOMI INSTITUTE BOMI INSTITUTE BOMI INST MI INSTITUTE BOMI INSTIT UTE BOMI INSTITUTE BO NSTITUTE BOMI INSTITUTE BOMI INSTITUTE BOMI INS TITUTE BOMI INSTITUTE BOMI INSTITUTE BOMI INST MI INSTITUTE BOMI INSTIT UTE BOMI INSTITUTE BO NSTITUTE BOMI INSTITUTE BOMI INSTITUTE BOMI INS TITUTE BOMI INSTITUTE BOMI INSTITUTE BOMI INST MI INSTITUTE BOMI INSTIT UTE BOMI INSTITUTE BO NSTITUTE BOMI INSTITUTE BOMI INSTITUTE BOMI INS TITUTE BOMI INSTITUTE BOMI INSTITUTE BOMI INST MI INSTITUTE BOMI INSTIT UTE BOMI INSTITUTE BO NSTITUTE BOMI INSTITUTE BOMI INSTITUTE BOMI INS TITUTE BOMI INSTITUTE BOMI INSTITUTE BOMI INST 65101-05 The Design, Operation, and Maintenance of Building Systems, Part I The Design, Operation, and Maintenance of Building Systems, Part I C 2005 Technical Advisors: Howard (Mike) Day Richard Fanelli, AIA, CFM, IFMA Fellow Terence M. Watters, PE

  2. Structural Systems& Building Envelope Michael Semenzin MRSA architects and planners A

  3. What’s a structural system??

  4. Chapter 4Structural Systems • Floor & Roof • Beams & Girders • Columns & Walls • Foundation • Together – they make the frame

  5. Dead Loads Arch. Construction Mech. Equipment Utilities Sprinkler Systems Live Loads People Furnishings Machinery Moveable Walls Rain, Snow, Ice Snow Loads Wind Loads Pressure on windward side Suction on leeward side More as you get higher Seismic Loads Earthquakes - shaking Vibration Loads Traffic, heavy trucks Subway Airports Shock Loads Suddenly applied 9/11 Loads

  6. C2005 BOMI INSTITUTE Loads on Buildings 4-1

  7. Load Transfer & Lateral Resistance Whatever the force, the goal is to get it into the ground Stresses on Frames Tension – pull apart Compression – squish like a grape Shear Stress - snap More Loads

  8. C2005 BOMI INSTITUTE Stresses on Members 4-2

  9. More on Stress • Compressive stress compacts material, decreasing thevolume. More weight = more compression. Ductile materials (metal, soil, plastic) yield. Brittle materials rupture. • Aspect ratio (ratio between width & length) • Ratios greater than 2:1 will buckle • Due to “elastic instability”

  10. Column & Floor to Floor Spacing • Typical column spacing is 20’-35’ • Typical floor to floor spacing = 12’-13’ • Hotel floor to floor as low as 9’-6” • More steel = longer span

  11. Fire Resistance • Hourly ratings (1-4) • Rating = amount of time the element, component or assembly can contain the fire • Rated ceilings need clips • Structural system and individual members will need to comply with code required ratings.

  12. Floor Systems • Steel & Concrete Decks • Cellular Steel • Composite Steel • Open Web Joist • Concrete Slab • Slab On-Grade • Wood Floor • Deck on Joists • Solid Timber

  13. Building Walls • Exterior Walls • Curtain Walls • Interior Walls

  14. C2005 BOMI INSTITUTE A Curtain Wall 4-3

  15. Steel Frame System • Load-bearing Wall Construction • Like a house • Frame Construction • Most highrises • Long Span Steel Structures • McCormick Place • Bridges • Combination Steel & Concrete Framing

  16. High Strength Uniformity Elasticity Permanence Ductility Additions to Existing Structures Other advantages Prefabrication Speed Weldability Toughness Reuse Recycle Advantages of Steel

  17. Fireproofing Encase in concrete or fireproofing Enclose w/ fire rated materials Intumescent paint Chemically treated water Maintenance Paint Rust Connections Disadvantages of Steel

  18. Reinforced Concrete Add steel bars for tensile strength Poured on-site More flexibility More tedious Weathers well Precast Concrete Mass production – less expensive Reduced construction time Better quality control Take weather out of the equation Hard to transport Connections more difficult Caulking/maintenance costs Heavier – needs larger foundations Reduced continuity between structural members Concrete Frame Systems

  19. Materials Lumber Plywood Laminated Timber Disadvantages Fungus Termites Burns easily Moisture induced movement Systems Balloon Framing Platform Framing Post-&-Beam Framing Stressed Skin Construction Wood Frame Systems

  20. Foundations & Soil • It’s what EVERYTHING sits on • Coarse-grained noncohesive soils • Fine-grained cohesive soils • Organic fibrous soils • Anything in soil that is or once was alive needs to come out

  21. Moisture content Permeability Shearing resistance Particle size Liquid limit Moisture Frost Shifting Settlement Upheaval Sliding Liquefaction Soil Concerns

  22. Deep Systems Concrete Piles On site Precast Augered-in-place Tapered Caissons Steel Piles Sheet piles Wood Piles Always wet (tree roots) Always dry Shallow Systems Spread footings Mat and Raft systems Trench footings Foundation Materials Generally reinforced concrete Foundation Systems

  23. C2005 BOMI INSTITUTE Pile Foundation 4-4

  24. Locate the deterioration Determine the cause Neutralize Eliminate Evaluate the existing strength Evaluate need for repair Select & implement repair Maintaining Foundations Look for “tell” Water is the enemy Maintaining Steel Corrosion Abrasion Connections Fatigue Impact Maintaining Concrete Cracking Spalling Disintegration Maintaining Wood Water, yes water is still the enemy Insects are the other enemy Structural Systems Maintenance

  25. Structural Considerations for Sustainability • Maximum Solar Access • Maximize Daylighting • Reuse of Materials or Structures • Salvaging Materials • Recycling Content • Use Certified Lumber

  26. What is blocks: Rain, snow, hail, wind, humidity Heat & cold Dirt, soot, pollen, etc. Bugs and coyotes Noise Fire UV Bad people What it let’s in: Sunlight Views Good people Natural ventilation Chapter 5The Building Envelope

  27. Types of Climates Cold Climates Temperate Climates Hot/Dry/Arid Climates Warm Humid Climates Basic Elements Temperature Humidity Air Movement Precipitation Cloud Cover Solar Radiation Climate

  28. Water Infiltration Air Infiltration Loads Thermal Expansion/Contraction Heat Transfer Moisture Migration Sound Attenuation Building Maintenance Building Codes Design Criteria

  29. Design deficiencies Poor material selection Improper construction Deferred maintenance Applied forces Weight Vibrations Pollution Vandalism Air (Oxygen) Temperature – extremes Wind pressure Water Mostly pilot error Factors Contributing to Premature Building Decay

  30. Gravity Sloped joints Kinetic Energy Wind driven rain Surface Tension Water moves horizontally Capillary Action Tiny joints Air Currents Most buildings suck Pressure Drops Mind your weeps WATER IS THE ENEMY

  31. C2005 BOMI INSTITUTE Six Causes of Water Intrusion and Damage 5-1

  32. Sash “…tore open the shutter and threw up the sash.” Weatherstripping Gaskets Stack Effect Warm air rises and rises Air Infiltration Tests ASTM E-283 0.06 cf/m or less Air Infiltration

  33. Loads • Wind Loads • Positive pressure windward • Negative pressure leeward • Movement in taller buildings • Hancock Boston • Seismic Loads • Shake Rattle and Roll • Connections & anchors

  34. Heat • Thermal Expansion & Contraction • Aluminum twice masonry • Heat Transfer • U-value • Ability of a system to transmit heat • Inverse of R-value • Thermal breaks • Curtain connects to structure • Panels connect to framing • Wall assemblies • Within panels themselves • If everything else is sealed

  35. C2005 BOMI INSTITUTE Solar Energy Transmission Through Clear Glass 5-2

  36. C2005 BOMI INSTITUTE Solar Energy Transmission Through Heat-Absorbing Glass 5-3

  37. C2005 BOMI INSTITUTE Solar Energy Transmission Through Heat-Absorbing Insulated Glass 5-4

  38. Moisture Migration • To Prevent Condensation • Provide a vapor retarder on the interior of the wall to prevent humid air from entering the wall system • Insulate internal surfaces • Provide venting for water vapor • Weep system • Condensation – function of temp & RH

  39. Mainly to Maintain Windows Curtain walls Sealant systems Roof Codes for glazing Daylight Natural ventilation Safety Thermal performance Exiting Zero clearance lot lines Maintenance & Codes

  40. Curtain Walls • Metal • Masonry Veneer • EIFS • Stucco • Wall Panels

  41. C2005 BOMI INSTITUTE Aluminum Curtain Wall: Top of Vision Light 5-5

  42. C2005 BOMI INSTITUTE Aluminum Curtain Wall: Base of Vision Light 5-6

  43. Selected to Accommodate: Thermal movement Rain/Air penetration Structural frame movement Mullion Selection: Size/shape Appearance strength Inside or outside glazing Thermal breaks Metal Assemblies

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