From Heat to Electricity: How We Make Electricity in the US Jake Blanchard Professor

1. From Heat to Electricity: How We Make Electricity in the US Jake Blanchard Professor Dept. of Engineering Physics blanchard@engr.wisc.edu Energy and the Environment

2. Outline • How much energy do we use? • What is the difference between energy and power? • How do we make electricity? • How much does it cost? Energy and the Environment

3. Energy Usage History (Sci.Am. 1970) Michael Phelps eats 12,000 kcals/d 1 apple ~ 100 kcals Sources: EIA, International Energy Outlook 2000 US Bureau of the Census, International Database Energy and the Environment

4. Energy in world history  By Vaclav Smil Energy Usage History 164 (1000 kcal/d) Energy and the Environment

5. Energy Units/Measures • 1Joule– metric unit of energy • Approximately the energy needed to lift an apple 1 meter • Kilocalorie=4,184 Joules • So eating an apple provides 100 kcals or 418,000 Joules • 1Btu= 0.25 kcals=1,055 J • So eating an apple provides about 400 Btu • 1kW-hr=1 kW consumed for 1 hour = 3.6 MJ = 3413 Btu Energy and the Environment

6. Some Useful Facts • 1quadequals 1 quadrillion Btu (1015 Btu) • The US uses about 100 quads per year • A 1 GWe coal plant produces about 0.03 quads each year Energy and the Environment

7. An Example • To heat a typical home for a year: • 100 Million Btu • 6,000 pounds of coal • 8,300 pounds of dry wood • 86,000 cubic feet of natural gas • 1 gram of uranium • 800 gallons gasoline • Depends on climate, construction, size of home Energy and the Environment

8. Power vs. Energy • Poweris a measure of the rate at which we consume energy • It takes about 100 Btu to heat 1 pound of water by 100 degrees F • To do this in 1 hour takes a power of 100 Btu/hr or 0.03 kW=30 W • To do this in 6 minutes, takes 1,000 Btu/hr or 0.3 kW • So more power provides the same amount of energy, but in a shorter time Energy and the Environment

9. Power Units • 1Watt=1J/s • 1kW=1000 Watts • 1Btu/hr=0.29 Watts • 1horsepower=2,544 Btu/hr=746 Watts Energy and the Environment

10. Examples • A typical refrigerator uses 700 W • A typical air conditioneruses about 1100 W Energy and the Environment

11. Creating Electricity – What is it? • Electricityis just electrons flowing in a wire • We need to take a fuel, burn it, and use it to push electrons out to customers Energy and the Environment

12. Converting Heat to Electricity • The key is the generator • Turn a coil in a magnetic field • This produces electricity Energy and the Environment

13. Some Useful Terms • The number of electrons pushed through the circuit is thecurrent– measured in amps • The “pressure” that pushes these electrons through the circuit is the voltage– measured in volts Energy and the Environment

14. AC vs. DC • AC=alternating current • DC=direct current • In DC, the current always flows in one direction • In AC, the current flows back and forth • It changes direction 60 times per second (60 Hz) Energy and the Environment

15. Why AC? • We use AC because it is easy to change the voltage of an AC signal and we lose less power if we transmit electricity at high voltage • So we • Create electricity at low voltage • Step it up for transmission (1 Million Volts) • Step it down for distribution (1,000 Volts) • Step it down before it gets to our home (120 V) Energy and the Environment

16. How does a generator make AC? Energy and the Environment

17. How do we change the voltage? Energy and the Environment

18. What turns the generator? • Start with high temperature, high pressure steam • Blow it over turbine • Steam turns turbine and turbine turns generator Energy and the Environment

19. The turbine/generator system Energy and the Environment

20. The Entire System Energy and the Environment

21. Gas Turbines are Similar Energy and the Environment

22. Efficiency • We cannot convert all of the energy in a fuel to electricity • We lose quite a bit of energy • A typical steam plant converts energy to electricity at about 33% - We lose 2/3 of our energy • That is, the conversion efficiency is about 33% • A typical car (internal combustion) has an efficiency of about 20% Energy and the Environment

23. Efficiency Energy and the Environment

24. Electricity Usage in U.S. for 2010 (Quads) Energy and the Environment

25. Electrical Energy Conversion Theoretical Efficiency of Energy Conversion Devices Convert Potential Energy (hydro) ~ 100% (75-90%) Electrochemical cell (fuel cell) ~ 100% (20-40%) Heat Engine (rankine cycle) ~ 66% (30-50%) Solar Cells (photovoltaic) ~ 20% (10-20%) Thermionic ~ 10% (<<10%) Thermoelectric ~ 10% (<<10%) Energy and the Environment

26. Our Options • Hydro, Wind • Flowing water or wind turns the turbine • Solar • Use silicon to directly convert heat to electricity • Use heat to heat home or water • Use heat to boil water • Coal, natural gas, oil • burn these fossil fuels • Boil water and send to turbine • Nuclear • Split uranium to make heat Energy and the Environment

27. Energy and the Environment

28. What is the current situation in US?U.S. Energy Usage Coal 23% Energy and the Environment

29. Energy and the Environment

30. Wisconsin: Renewables Share WI 2010 Renewables: 7.2% Hydro Source: Wisconsin Energy Statistics 2009 (Consumption) 1 Btu = 1.055 kJ Energy and the Environment

31. Cost of Electricity Energy and the Environment

32. Energy and the Environment

33. Summary • Energy and Power are different, but related • Different fuels have different energy contents • The conversion process is inefficient • Most current electricity is produced using steam or gas turbines Energy and the Environment