CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 What Is a GIS? 1.1.1 GIS Applications

1. CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 What Is a GIS? 1.1.1 GIS Applications Box 1.1 More Interesting Examples of GIS Applications 1.1.2 Components of a GIS 1.2 A Brief History of GIS Box 1.2 A List of GIS Software Producers and Their Main Products Box 1.3 Google Maps and Yahoo Maps 1.3 Geospatial Data 1.3.1 Spatial Data 1.3.2 Attribute Data 1.3.3 Joining Spatial and Attribute Data 1.4 GIS Operations 1.4.1 Spatial Data Input 1.4.2 Attribute Data Management 1.4.3 Data Display 1.4.4 Data Exploration 1.4.5 Data Analysis 1.4.6 GIS Models and Modeling 1.5 Organization of This Book 1.6 Concepts and Practice Key Concepts and Terms Review Questions

2. Applications: Introduction Task 1: Introduction to ArcCatalog Task 2: Introduction to ArcMap Challenge Question References

3. What is a GIS? A geographic information system (GIS)is a computer system for capturing, storing, querying, analyzing, and displaying geospatial data. Geospatial technology is listed by the U.S. Department of Labor as one of the three emerging industries, along with nanotechnology and biotechnology. http://www.careervoyages.gov/

4. Examples of GIS Applications U.S. Geological Survey National Map http://nationalmap.usgs.gov U.S. Census Bureau On-Line Mapping Resources http://www.census.gov/geo/www/maps/ U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development http://www.hud.gov/offices/cio/emaps/index.cfm U.S. Department of Health and Human Services http://datawarehouse.hrsa.gov/ Department of Homeland Security’s National Incident Management System http://www.dhs.gov/ National Institute of Justice: crime mapping http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/nij/maps/ Larimer County, Colorado: land records http://www.larimer.org/

5. More Examples of GIS Applications National Association of Realtors http://www.realtor.com/ Dodgeball http://www.dodgeball.com/ Eyebeam: Fundrace http://www.fundrace.org Murals of Winnipeg http://www.themuralsofwinnipeg.com/index.php Arkansas Game and Fish Commission http://vestig.cast.uark.edu/website/waterfowl/

6. Components of GIS • Computer system • GIS software • People • Data • Infrastructure

7. Geospatial Data Geospatial dataare data that describe both the locations and characteristics of spatial features such as roads, land parcels, and vegetation stands on the Earth’s surface.

8. Figure 1.1 An example of geographically referenced data. The street network is based on a plane coordinate system. The box on the right lists the x- and y-coordinates of the end points and other attributes of a street segment

9. Spatial Data • Spatial features may be represented as vector data or raster data. • The vector data model may be georelational or object-based, may or may not involve topology, and may include simple or composite features.

10. Figure 1.2 The vector data model uses x-, y-coordinates to represent point features (a), and the raster data model uses cells in a grid to represent point features (b).

11. Figure 1.3 When we use the add data button to add a layer to a map, we are actually using the AddLayer method on the IMap interface that the Map class supports.

12. Figure 1.4 A classification of data formats used in ESRI software by topology and data model.

13. Figure 1.5 An example of the TIN model.

14. Figure 1.6 An example of the regions model. Two regions, one for burned areas in 1919 and the other in 1929, overlap each other in some areas. Each region is also comprised of spatially disjoint parts.

15. Figure 1.7 An example of the dynamic segmentation model. Rest areas are plotted as point features on highway routes in Washington State.

16. GIS Operations GIS activities can be grouped into spatial data input, attribute data management, data display, data exploration, data analysis, and GIS modeling.

17. Figure 1.8 A classification of GIS operations.

18. Figure 1.9 A vector-based overlay operation combines spatial data and attribute data from different layers to create the output.

19. Figure 1.10 A raster data operation with multiple rasters can take advantage of the fixed cell locations.

20. U.S. Department of Labor: emerging fields http://www.careervoyages.gov/ U.S. Geological Survey National Map http://nationalmap.usgs.gov U.S. Census Bureau On-Line Mapping Resources http://www.census.gov/geo/www/maps/ U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development http://www.hud.gov/offices/cio/emaps/index.cfm U.S. Department of Health and Human Services http://datawarehouse.hrsa.gov/ Department of Homeland Security’s National Incident Management System http://www.dhs.gov/ National Institute of Justice: crime mapping http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/nij/maps/ Federal Emergency Management Agency: flood insurance rate map http://www.fema.gov/plan/prevent/fhm/mm_main.shtm Larimer County, Colorado: land records http://www.larimer.org/ Microsoft http://www.microsoft.com/ Oracle http://www.oracle.com/

21. IBM: Spatial DataBlade http://www-306.ibm.com/software/data/informix/blades/spatial/ National Association of Realtors http://www.realtor.com/ Dodegeball http://www.dodgeball.com/ Eyebeam: Fundrace http://www.fundrace.org Murals of Winnipeg http://www.themuralsofwinnipeg.com/index.php Arkansas Game and Fish Commission http://vestig.cast.uark.edu/website/waterfowl/ ESRI http://www.esri.com/ Autodesk http://www3.autodesk.com/ Land Management Information Center at Minnesota Planning: EPPL7 http://www.lmic.state.mn.us/EPPL7/ Baylor University: GRASS http://grass.baylor.edu/

22. Clark Labs: IDRISI http://www.clarklabs.org/ International Institute for Aerospace Survey and Earth Sciences, the Netherlands: ILWIS http://www.itc.nl/ilwis/ Manifold.net http://www.manifold.net/ MapInfo Corporation http://www.mapinfo.com/ Keigan Systems: MFworks http://www.keigansystems.com/ Intergraph Corporation: MGE, GeoMedia http://www.intergraph.com/ Bentley Systems, Inc: Microstation http://www2.bentley.com/ PCI Geomatics: Geomatica http://www.pcigeomatics.com/ Caliper Corporation: TransCAD, Maptitude http://www.caliper.com/