Section 2

1. Section 2 Why have Ethnicities been Transformed into Nationalities? By, Olivia Mulhern Group 5.4

2. Ethnicity is distinct from race & nationality. • Nationality- is identity with a group of people who share legal attachment and personal allegiance to a particular country. • Culture values shared with others of the same ethnicity derive from religion, language, and material culture. - Others of the same nationality derive from voting, having passports, and performing civic duties.

3. Rise of Nationalities • 19th century immigrants identify themselves today by ethnicity (Central & Eastern Europe). • The concept that ethnicities have the right to govern them self is self determination. • A Nation- State is a state whose territory corresponds to that occupied by a particular ethnicity that has been transformed into a nationality. • Ethnicities were transformed into nationalities through out Europe during the 19th century.

4. Most of Western Europe was made up nation-states by 1900. • They disagreed over their boundaries and competed to control territory in Africa & Asia. • World War 1 & 2 were followed by these problems. • During the 1930s, German National Socialists (Nazis) claimed that all German Speaking parts of Europe constituted one nationality and should be unified into one state.

5. Denmark • Is a good example of a European Nation- State because the territory occupied by the Danish ethnicity closely corresponds to the state of Denmark; have a strong sense of unity. • BUT, not a perfect nation- state.

6. Nationalism • Loyalty & devotion to a nationality. • Mass media (news) • Promoting symbols of the nation- state ( flags & National anthems). • Ex: Hammer & sickle on a field of red = beliefs of communism. • One of the strongest forms of political protest is to burn a state’s flag. - Wide support in U.S is to make laws to make this illegal. • Has a bigger meaning to older people & people who have served in a country’s armed forces. • Also, based on a nation’s significant historic events or symbols of unity.

7. Nationalism can have a negative impact. • Centripetal force, an attitude to unify people (bring together). • Centrifugal, spread out/break apart.

8. Multi-ethic state: A state that contains more than one ethnicity. • Ethnicities all contribute cultural features to the formation of a single nationality. Ex: Belgium • Multi National State: contains 2 ethnic groups with traditions of self determination. Ex: United Kingdom • Contains 2 or more Nationalities • Try to dominate each other • Some coexist peacefully

9. Former Soviet Union: Largest Multi-national State (Until 1990) • 15 republics/ 15 ethnicities • Breakup of soviet union = 15 countries • 3 Baltic: Estonia, Latvia, & Lithuania • 3 European: Belarus, Moldova, & Ukraine • 5 Central Asian: Kazakhstan, Kygryzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, & Uzbekistan. • 3 Caucasus: Azerbaijan, Armenia, & Georgia. • Russia

10. Lithuania = nation- state/ 8% are ethnic Lithuanians. • Russia is now the largest multinational state; has 39 different nationalities. • Caucasus: many ethnicities; Kurds & Russians are most numerous in other countries. • Caucasus has many armed ethnicity conflicts.

11. Revival of Ethnic Identity • Karl Marx wrote that nationalism was the means for the dominant social classes to maintain power over workers, and believed that workers would identify with other working class people instead of with an ethnicity. • That is wrong because, in the late 20th century, ethnic identity became more important than nationality. Especially, in Europe. • The soviet union and communist leaders used centripetal forces to discourage ethnicities from expressing their uniqueness. • Ethnic Identity was suppressed by communists.

12. Fragmented State: a part of a country is separated from the rest of the country. Example: Azerbaijan