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Weather Satellites and Weather Radar: Tools for Monitoring and Forecasting Weather Phenomena

Learn about the role and capabilities of weather satellites and weather radar in providing continuous surveillance and data for monitoring and forecasting weather conditions. Explore how these tools can be used to track storms, estimate precipitation rates, and make short-term forecasts.

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Weather Satellites and Weather Radar: Tools for Monitoring and Forecasting Weather Phenomena

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  1. THE WEATHER ENTERPRISE Part 2 Dr. Sam Miller Weather & Climate – MTDI 1200OL Plymouth State University 1

  2. WEATHER SATELLITES POES Polar Orbiters Altitude ~550 mi Period ~101 min GOES Geostationary Orbiters Altitude ~23,500 mi Period 24 hrs

  3. THERE ARE SEVEN MAJOR SPACE AGENCIES THAT OPERATE GEOSTATIONARY SATELLITES

  4. THERE ARE SEVEN MAJOR SPACE AGENCIES THAT OPERATE GEOSTATIONARY SATELLITES UNITED STATES

  5. THERE ARE SEVEN MAJOR SPACE AGENCIES THAT OPERATE GEOSTATIONARY SATELLITES EUROPEAN SPACE AGENCY

  6. THERE ARE SEVEN MAJOR SPACE AGENCIES THAT OPERATE GEOSTATIONARY SATELLITES RUSSIA

  7. THERE ARE SEVEN MAJOR SPACE AGENCIES THAT OPERATE GEOSTATIONARY SATELLITES JAPAN

  8. THERE ARE SEVEN MAJOR SPACE AGENCIES THAT OPERATE GEOSTATIONARY SATELLITES ALSO: INDIA, CHINA, and SOUTH KOREA (NOT SHOWN)

  9. GOES FULL DISK VISIBLE

  10. GOES FULL DISK INFRA RED

  11. GOES NORTH AMERICA VISIBLE

  12. GOES NORTH AMERICA INFRA RED

  13. GOES NORTH AMERICA WATER VAPOR

  14. GOES CONUS WATER VAPOR

  15. GOES NORTHEAST VISIBLE

  16. WE CAN COMBINE THE IMAGES FROM ALL OF THEM TO CREATE A SINGLE PICTURE OF THE EARTH

  17. MULTI-SATELLITE ENSEMBLE INFRA RED (FROM GEOSTATIONARY SYSTEMS)

  18. MANY COUNTRIES OPERATE POLAR ORBITERS

  19. IMAGE FROM POLAR ORBITER 15 %

  20. IMAGE FROM POLAR ORBITER 30%

  21. IMAGE FROM POLAR ORBITER 60%

  22. IMAGE FROM POLAR ORBITER 120 %

  23. IMAGE FROM POLAR ORBITER TREMENDOUSLY DETAILED BUT ONLY PASSES OVER SAME SPOT ONCE EVERY 12 HOURS CANNOT MAKE LOOPS

  24. IMAGE FROM POLAR ORBITER OTHER USES INCLUDE: CREATING BALLOON-LIKE VERTICAL TEMPERATURE PROFILE DATA TRACKING AIR POLLUTION STUDYING DEVELOPMENT OF STORMS AND HURRICANES

  25. Satellite imagery provides continuous surveillance of cloud cover • Because of great altitude, cannot provide data detailed enough to diagnose individual severe storms • Provides only indirect estimates of precipitation • Another technology is needed for monitoring severe storms and estimating precipitation rates over large areas

  26. WEATHER RADAR

  27. WEATHER RADAR CURRENT GENERATION OF RADAR IS CALLED WSR-88D WEATHER SURVEILLANCE RADAR 1988 DOPPLER FULLY AUTOMATED COMPUTER CONTROLLED

  28. ABOUT 135 WEATHER RADAR SITES IN CONUS

  29. RADAR REFLECTIVITY FROM A SINGLE RADAR STATION

  30. DOPPLER VELOCITY DATA

  31. DATA FROM ALL 135 CONUS RADARS CAN BE ASSEMBLED INTO A SINGLE IMAGE

  32. WHICH CAN THEN BE LOOPED TO SHOW MOVEMENT

  33. Observational data can be used to make short-term forecasts • By converting observed parameters to key physical variables, laws of physics can be applied to the atmosphere • These laws are equations with time as one term • Can drive model atmosphere forward in time and “see” state of atmosphere up to several days into the future

  34. Forecast Products

  35. COMPUTER MODELS

  36. COMPUTER MODELS FED BY BALLOON DATA, SURFACE OBS, SATELLITE DATA, PILOT REPORTS, AND MORE INTERPOLATES DATA ONTO 3-D GRID APPLIES LAWS OF PHYSICS TO DRIVE ATMOSPHERE FORWARD IN TIME PRODUCES FIELDS OF PRESSURE, TEMP, WIND, ETC. AT SEVERAL POINTS IN FUTURE SUBJECT TO MANY FAILURE POINTS

  37. COMPUTER MODELS MANY DIFFERENT MODELS AVAILABLE

  38. COMPUTER MODELS MANY DIFFERENT MODELS AVAILABLE • GLOBAL FORECAST SYSTEM • WEATHER RESEARCH AND FORECASTING • UNITED KINGDOM MET OFFICE • EUROPEAN CENTER FOR MEDIUM RANGE WEATHER FORECASTING • OTHERS

  39. Communications

  40. Communications • Data are collected globally • Overseen by the WMO • World Meteorological Organization • WMO is a United Nations agency • Data are sent to Washington D.C. via complicated routes • Washington sends data to be analyzed at NCEP • National Centers for Environmental Prediction • Europe has ECMWF (European Centre for Medium-range Weather Forecasting)

  41. NCEP analyzes data • Creates analysis maps from data • Feeds data to numerical models • Data are disseminated to interested parties • Via internet or satellite • Both observational data and model output • Some of the interested parties are • National Weather Service (NWS) • Other NOAA National Centers • Private forecasting companies • Universities • Media

  42. Other NOAA National Centers • National Hurricane Center (NHC) • Storm Prediction Center (SPC) • Climate Prediction Center (CPC) • National Data Buoy Center (NDBC) • National Ocean Service (NOS) • National Environmental Satellite Data and Information Service (NESDIS) • National Climatic Data Center (NCDC)

  43. Eventually, everything arrives back at:

  44. The Hot Seat

  45. Additional Graphics Sources http://weather.gov/graphics/R4rmtni.gif http://www.srh.noaa.gov/mfl/newpage/pictures/asos.jpeg http://www.nevadasurveyor.com/atka/images/awos.jpg

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