New castle disease outbreak in poultry and its control

1. New castle disease outbreak in poultry and its control Dr. Abdul Rehman Poultry Research Institute, Rawalpindi

2. Newcastle disease • First identified in Newcastle in 1926 • Affects all species of birds • Mortality up to 100% in chickens • Widespread in Asia, Africa, Europe and South America • In USA, sporadic Newcastle disease (ND) occur due to importation of infected birds. • In 2002 ND outbreak in California, four million birds were depopulated and cost the U.S. billions of dollars in damage and lost trade. • In Pakistan V-virulent ND appeared in Nov,2011

3. Clinical History (NDV) • Broilers: • Highest economic losses • Affected age is 25-35 days, also observed at 8-14 days • Layers: • Maximum losses in rearing age, • Also caused high mortalities & production losses in laying birds • Broiler breeders: same as in layers • Fancy birds: • High mortalities in peacocks, pheasants and pigeons

4. Clinical signs • Respiratory distress • Greenish whitish diarrhea • Torticollis • Reduction in production • Mortality up to 100%

5. Postmortem lesions • Proventicular hemorrhages. • Caecal tonsils hemorrhages • Enteritis • Tracheitis

7. ND Losses in Broilers

8. Population under report at PRI Million

9. ND Incidence In Punjab

10. Newcastle disease virus • Genus Avulavirusin family Paramyxoviridae • The genome is a single-stranded negative-sense RNA consisting of 15,186 nucleotides • The genome contains six genes in the order of 3’-NP-P-M-F-HN-L-5’ • The virus is enveloped, roughly spherical, with a diameter around 100-500nm. • F and HN proteins form the external envelope spikes

11. NDV isolates • Based on severity of disease, NDV isolates are grouped into three pathotypes: • –Lentogenic strains • Cause mild or in-apparent respiratory disease • –Mesogenic strains • Cause respiratory or nervous signs with moderate mortality • –Velogenic strains • Cause severe intestinal and/or neurologic disease resulting in high mortality • –Neurotropic • –Viscerotropic

13. Biological characterization of virus • Isolation & identification of virus • Characterization of virus • Mean death time (less than 50 hrs) • ICPI (more than 1.5) This indicates it’s a velogenic New castle disease virus • Sequencing of M, HN, F genes • F gene nucleotide similarity 97 to 100% • M gene nucleotide similarity 98.5 to 100% • HN gene nucleotide similarity 99.2 to 100% This indicates mutation and close relation with linage 7

14. Contributing factors • Indiscriminate vaccination • Close proximity of farm • Improper biosecurity/ management • Improper disposal of dead birds • Morbid Bird’s marketing • Insufficient disease diagnostic facilities

15. ND Surveillance at PRI(Nov,11 to date) • Total no. of sera samples 18847 • Total no. of tracheal swab 8646 • Total no. of cloacal swab 20175 • Total no. of tissue sample 2350 • Total sample collected 50018

16. Sample processing • Embryo inoculation • Virus isolation • HA • HI • RT-PCR

17. Results (NDV isolated) • Broilers flocks 33 • Layer flocks 22 • Rural flocks 12 • Broiler breeder flocks 05 • Fancy bird flocks 07 • Total isolates 79

18. Research trial on different vaccine regimes • Lasota, Mukteswar (live, killed), Velogenic killed (oil based) were employed • Mukteswar killed (oil based) and Velogenic killed (oil based) vaccines prepared in disease section PRI, Rawalpindi • 7 groups was made 6 experimental and one unvaccinated control

19. Experimental Vaccination schedule

21. HI titers log2

22. Protection after experimental challenge

24. Results • Velogenic killed vaccine at 10th day along with live lasota vaccine gave maximum protection to 92.85 % • Velogenic killed vaccine at day 1st not proved so well as day 10th • Mukteswer killed vaccine at day 10th also gave significant protection 83.72 % • Mukteswer killed vaccine at day first did not prove as much protective • Mukteswer killed vaccine proved well as compared to live vaccine

25. Conclusion • Homologous vaccine gave better result as compared to Mukteswerand Lasotavaccines • Homologous vaccine may also reduce virus shedding during infection • Homologous vaccine along with eradication program may be helpful in the control of current outbreak

26. Research findings of various organizations • UVAS • Repeatedly isolated and confirmed presence of ND virus in diseased birds • Killed vaccine prepared from local isolate gives almost 100% protections against the challenge from the field virus • NRLPD • Virus is closely related to the Malaysian ND virus isolate • Protection study showed that clone killed vaccine prepared from local isolate gave better protection • VRI • Live and Killed vaccine prepared from Mukteswer proved helpful

27. Recommendations • Strict biosecurity rules must be implemented • Proper disposal of dead birds • Proper dis-infection between the flocks • Proper litter disposal • It was unanimous opinion that killed vaccine must be included in the vaccine schedule • Repeated vaccine should be discouraged (Too many) • Vaccine prepared from local isolate should only be used for experimental purposes and should not be used at commercial level • More study work needs to be done to find out the solution to this problem • Regulatory control in poultry sector • Maintain farms proximity • Biosecurity/ management • Sale/ Disposal of birds • Augment Poultry disease diagnostic facilities

28. Thanks