Topic 5 – Transportation Terminals

1. Topic 5 – Transportation Terminals The Function of Transport Terminals Ports and Rail Terminals Airport Terminals Terminals and Security

2. A – The Function of Transport Terminals • 1. Transport Terminals • 2. Passengers Terminals • 3. Freight Terminals • 4. Terminal Costs

3. 1. Transport Terminals • Concept • All spatial flows involve movements between terminals: • Except personal vehicular and pedestrian trips. • Modes assembly and distribution: • Cannot travel individually, but in batches. • People have to go to bus terminals and airports first to reach their final destinations. • Freight has to be consolidated at a port, a rail yard or a distribution center before onward shipment. • Terminals are essential links in transportation chains.

4. 1. Transport Terminals • Definition • Any location where freight and passengers either originates, terminates, or is handled in the transportation process. • Central and intermediate locations: • Points of interchange within the same modal system. • Insure a continuity of the flows. • Particularly the case for modern air and port operations. • Require specific facilities to accommodate the traffic they handle. • Points of interchange: within the same mode. • Points of transfer: between modes.

5. Major Features of Transport Terminals

6. Centrality and Intermediacy Centrality Intermediacy Gateway Range Hub (Interception) Hub (Transcalar)

7. 2. Passengers Terminals • Overview • Passenger terminals require relatively little specific equipment. • Simple structures. • Basic amenities (waiting areas, ticket counters, food services). • Airports • The most complex terminals. • Passengers may spend several hours in the terminal. • Transiting, check-in and security checks, baggage pick up and customs and immigration on international arrivals. • Wide range of services. • Provide the very specific needs of the aircraft.

8. Main Concourse, Madrid Airport, Spain

9. 3. Freight Terminals • Specialized entities • Specific loading and unloading equipment. • Wide range of handling gear is required. • Differentiated functionally both by the mode involved and the commodities transferred. • Bulk and break-bulk terminals. • Warehousing • Assembling bundles of goods: • Time-consuming and storage may be required. • Specialized infrastructures: • Grain silos, storage tanks, and refrigerated warehouses, or simply space to stockpile.

10. 4. Terminal Costs

11. Terminal Costs Cost C1 C2 C3 Road Rail Maritime T3 T2 T1 Distance

12. B – Ports and Rail Terminals • 1. Port Sites • 2. Port Functions • 3. Rail Terminals

13. 1. Port Sites • Ports • Convergence between two domains of freight circulation: • Land and maritime domains. • Facilitates convergence between land transport and maritime systems. • Handle the largest amounts of freight, more than any other types of terminals combined. • Infrastructures to accommodate transshipment activities. • Administration: • Submitted to authorities. • Regulating infrastructure investments, its organization and development and its relationships with customers using its services.

14. Port Sites In a delta Along a river Margin of a delta Natural harbors Near an estuary In a bay Protected In an estuary

15. 1. Port Sites

16. Harbor Types Coastal Natural Coastal Breakwater River Basins River Tide Gates Coastal Tide Gates River Natural Canal or Lake Open Roadstead

17. Number of Large and Medium Ports by Channel Depth

18. Stages in Port Development

19. The Evolution of a Port (Anyport Model) Expansion Specialization Setting 4 4 4 3 5 2 1 3 2 4 4 Rail Terminal facilities Downtown Reconversion Water depth Highway Port-related activities Urban expansion

20. Evolution of the Port of Rotterdam

21. 2. Port Functions • Main functions • Supply services to freight (warehousing, transshipment, etc.). • Supply services to ships (piers, refueling, repairs, etc.). • Concomitantly a maritime and land terminal. • Hong Kong: • Natural site. • Geographical position of a transit harbor for southern China. • Singapore: • Outlet of the strategic Strait of Malacca. • Convergence of Southeast Asian transportation. • New York: • Gateway of the North American Midwest. • Hudson / Erie canal system.

22. 2. Port Functions • Port activities • About 4,600 ports in are in operation worldwide. • Less than 100 ports have a global importance. • High level of concentration in a limited number of large ports. • Linked to maritime access and infrastructure development. • Gateways of continental distribution systems. • Containerization has substantially changed port dynamics. • Port types • Monofunctionnal ports: • Transit a limited array of commodities, most often dry or liquid bulks. • Specialized piers. • Polyfunctionnal ports: • Several transshipment and industrial activities are present. • Variety of specialized and general cargo piers.

23. Traffic at the 50 Largest Container Ports, 2005

24. Configuration of a Maritime Container Terminal Rail Road Container crane Docking area Administration Empties On dock rail terminal Gate Container storage Repair / maintenance Truck loading / unloading Chassis storage Loading / unloading area

25. Port Elizabeth, New York

26. 2. Port Functions • Offshore hubs • Usage of a port terminal for transmodal operations. • Reduce the number of port calls and increase the throughput of the port calls left. • Frequency and the timeliness of services can be improved. • Hub-and-spoke: • Interface between short distance feeder lines and long distance deep-sea lines, linking regional and global shipping networks. • Relay: • Point of interchange between several long distance shipping lines. • Interlining: • Interface between several pendulum routes along the same maritime range, but servicing a different array of port calls.

27. The Insertion of Offshore Terminals Hub-and-Spoke Relay Interlining Deep-sea line Feeder Hub

28. 2. Port Functions • Problems related to port infrastructures • Ports along rivers are continuously facing dredging problems. • Width of rivers is strongly limiting capacity: • Rarely a port along a river has the capacity to handle Post Panamax ships. • Lateral spread of infrastructures (Seaports). • Congestion in central areas. • Port / city competition for land (waterfront development).

29. 3. Rail Terminals • Location • Not as space-extensive as airports and ports. • Suffer less from site constraints: • Many established prior to the Second World War. • Cities were more compact and land acquisition was easier. • Passengers and freight terminals: • Different locations. • Central railway stations: • Feature of most cities and tend to be located in downtown areas. • Key elements of urban centrality and activity. • Freight rail stations: • Consume more space. • Tend to be located at the periphery. • Older yards tend to be located at the margin of CBDs.

30. Centraal Train Station, Amsterdam

31. TGV Train at Gare de Lyon, Paris, France

32. Antwerp Centraal Train Station

33. Quai d'Orsay Museum, Paris, France

34. Configuration of a Rail Container Terminal Classification Yard Classification Yard Intermodal Yard Repair / maintenance Gate / Administration Container / Chassis Pick Up / Drop Off / Storage Chassis storage

35. Bedford Rail Yard, Chicago

36. C – Airport Terminals • 1. Airport Sites • 2. Airport Functions

37. 1. Airport Sites • Concept • Airports act as the main technical support of air transport. • Increased pressures on terminals: • Existing terminals have been expanded and new terminals have been constructed. • Replace airports no longer able to cope with the increased traffic. • International / Regional: • Role and function in the international and regional urban system. • Centrality (being an origin and destination of air traffic) and intermediacy (a hub or a gateway between destinations). • Local: • Level of accessibility of the airport over the metropolitan area it services. • Daily flows of planes, passengers, freight to and from the airport's terminals.

38. Geographical Scales of Airport Location International / Regional Local

39. 1. Airport Sites • Local site requirements. • Airfields: • Runways and parking areas. • Long enough to accommodate the takeoff and landing of commercial planes. • About 3,300 meters (10,000 feet) are required for a 747 to takeoff. • Slope (less 1%), altitude and meteorological conditions. • About 32 movements (landings and takeoffs) per hour are possible on a commercial runway under optimal conditions. • Terminals: • Freight and passenger transit infrastructures. • Infrastructures for plane accommodation. • Linked with local transport systems.

40. Air Terminals Airfield Isle Shuttles Terminal Terminal 3 2 1

41. Airport Location Factors City Center Low High High Commuting radius High Low Low Benefits Externalities Suitability Location Ring

42. Distance from CBD and Age of the World’s 30 Largest Airports

43. 1. Airport Sites • Land requirements • Land required by modern airport operations is considerable: • Landing and take off of planes. • Buffer between the adjacent urban areas to limit the noise generated. • Parking areas in airports located in car dependent cities. • Peripheral sites: • Sufficient quantities of land available. • The more recently an airport was constructed, the more likely this airport is to be located far from the city center. • Expansion and relocation: • Extremely difficult. • Most airports have grown at locations chosen in the 1950s and 1960s. • Most airports are now surrounded. • Only sites available are far from the urban core.

44. Recently Completed Airports by Cost

45. Site of the Hong Kong Chek Lap Kok Terminal Northern runway Train station Passenger terminal Future Terminal Expansion Light Rail System Southern runway Logistics and cargo area To Kowloon and Hong Kong

46. Aerial View of Hong Kong Chek Lap Kok Airport Terminal

47. Kansai International Airport, Osaka Bay, Japan

48. Aerial View of the Dallas / Fort Worth Airport

49. Phosavan Airfeild, Laos

50. 2. Airport Functions • Airport activities • Terminal activities: • Parking, ground transportation, checking in, baggage-claiming, restoration, retailing and maintenance. • Provide services to passengers and freight. • Airfield activities: • Loading and unloading planes, maintenance and traffic control. • Provide services to aircrafts. • Economic functions • Improved economic opportunities. • Employment (USA): • $500 billion of economic activity. • 1.9 million direct and 4.8 million indirect jobs. • Global service activities. • Passengers and freight airports.