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Groundwater Movement and Storage: Lessons 6-8

Explore the movement and storage of groundwater, including the water cycle, groundwater storage, permeability, aquifers, springs, wells, and threats to groundwater. Learn about the unique features of springs, the use of wells, and the dangers of aquifer depletion and saltwater intrusion.

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Groundwater Movement and Storage: Lessons 6-8

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  1. Ch 6 Earth’s WaterPart 2: Lessons 6 - 8 Ch 6 Groundwater

  2. Lesson 6 The Movement and Storage of Groundwater

  3. Think About It… Does your family drink well water?

  4. Focus Question… How does groundwater move through the lithosphere? How are flood events affected by groundwater levels?

  5. Precipitation and Groundwater… Remember the water cycle? Most water in the atmosphere comes from oceans! Most precipitation that falls on land becomes groundwater. Eventually groundwater will… … return to the ocean to complete the water cycle.

  6. Groundwater Storage… 1. Porosity is… …the percentage of pore space in a material 2. The types of soil that have - a. highest porosity - well- sorted b. lowest porosity – poorly- sorted http://core.ecu.edu/geology/woods/GWANSW2008_files/image002.jpg

  7. Groundwater Storage… 1. Groundwater is stored… in the pore spaces of rocks & sediments …and can be compared to a hard sponge http://core.ecu.edu/geology/woods/GWANSW2008_files/image002.jpg

  8. Groundwater Storage… 3. The zone of saturation is the… … depth below surface where groundwater completely fills all the pores 4. The water table is the … … upper boundary of the zone of saturation

  9. e. Figure 6-2: Groundwater Storage soil Zone of aeration Water table Zone of saturation

  10. Groundwater Storage… 5. The depth of the water table varies… …in swampy areas- water table is at or almost at surface, …in arid regions -water table is far beneath surface Green Swamp, FL

  11. Groundwater Storage… If the water table is high, it is more likely to flood. low, it is less likely to flood. 7. The water table fluctuates with the seasons and weather conditions because… it depends on rain to recharge it http://www.tulane.edu/~sanelson/images/chwattab.gif

  12. Groundwater Movement: Permeability… 1. What is permeability? ability of a material to let water pass through What subsurface materials are permeable? sand, sandstone, & gravel (good for parking lots so water can infiltrate) What subsurface materials are impermeable? clay, silt, shale, & pavement (bad for infiltration!) Why is clay used to line ponds & landfills? It is impermeable (our storm drainage pond)

  13. Groundwater Movement: Aquifers… An aquifer … underground storage area for water (permeable rock layers) An aquiclude … impermeable layer above or below an aquifer.

  14. Groundwater Movement… 6. Confined aquifer (Pic on next slide…) 7. 8. aquiclude

  15. Lesson 7 Groundwater Systems, Use, and Threats!

  16. Think About It… Where does the water in a spring come from? Have you ever been swimming in a spring?

  17. Focus Question… What are the unique features of springs? How can the use of wells lead to aquifer depletion, subsistence, and saltwater intrusion? What are threats to our groundwater?

  18. Springs… Ground water discharges (comes out) at… Earth’s surface These natural discharges of water are called…springs Water may flow out of a rock when… It’s where an aquifer meets an aquiclude at Earth’s surface (a spring!)

  19. Ponce De Leon Springs http://www.eyekonic.net/gallery2/d/1232-2/Ponce_20De_20Leon_20Springs_202.jpg

  20. Location of Springs:  Fault-blocked Perched Water Table  Road Cuts  Limestone Regions  http://www.physicalgeography.net/fundamentals/8m.html

  21. Springs flowing out of road- cut mountainside – 421 N

  22. Hot Springs… 3. The temperature of ground water is… same as average annual temperature 4. Hot springs are… have temperatures higher than the human body Hot springs are so hot because… the subsurface is still hot from recent igneous activity Picture on next slide 

  23. Hot Springs at Yellowstone N.P. http://www.guideoftravels.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/09/Yellowstone-National-Park.jpg

  24. Mammoth Hot Springs Yellowstone

  25. Springs and Geysers… 4. Most hot springs in our country are found in the… western states 5. A geyser is an … explosive hot spring that erupts at regular intervals Old Faithful Geyser Yellowstone NP

  26. Geyser Basin, Yellowstone National Park

  27. Wells… 1. A well is… a hole dug to reach groundwater 2. A cone of depression is produced by… over pumping wells 3. Drawdown is… the difference b/tw the original water table level and that of a pumped well 4. Drawdown effects… See Lesson 5. Recharge is… water from rain or runoff is added to an aquifer

  28. Wells: Figure 6-15, p. 252 http://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/gw_ruralhomeowner/gw_ruralhomeowner_new.html http://ga.water.usgs.gov/edu/earthgwlandsubside.html

  29. Wells… • The entire water table can be lowered due to… …overuse of wells • Ground above an overused well can… • …sink! • This is called subsidence

  30. Groundwater Use 8. In the USA, 23% of all freshwater is obtained from… … aquifers (groundwater) … Florida, Hawaii, and Nebraska depend almost entirely on groundwater.

  31. Environmental Issues: Saltwater Intrusion… 9. Saltwater intrusion… … saltwater intruding into coastal wells… … Outer Banks (on coast) … too many wells

  32. Threats to Our Groundwater Supply… Overuse Subsidence Pollution (sewage, industrial waste, landfills, agriculture) Chemicals (not filtered out by sediments; hard to remove from groundwater) Salt (esp. coastal areas) Radon (radioactive decay of uranium in rocks – esp. granite and shale)

  33. Protection of Groundwater… a. Identify and eliminate pollution sources. b. Monitor pollution. c. Pump groundwater to surface and treat it.

  34. Lesson 8 Groundwater Erosion

  35. Think About It… Why do some homes in Florida get swallowed up by the ground?

  36. Focus Question… What are the unique features of caves? What features are found in an area with Karst topography?

  37. Caves… What is a cave? A natural underground opening with a connection to Earth’s surface Which acid forms caves? Carbonic acid (H2O + CO2 in the soil) Which rock is eroded by this acid to form a cave? limestone

  38. Caves of the USA… Mammoth Cave, Kentucky Carlsbad Caverns, N. Mexico Lechuguilla Cave, N. Mexico http://www.britannica.com/blogs/2011/07/dark-depths-mammoth-cave/ http://giantcrystals.strahlen.org/america/lechuguilla.htm http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Witchs_Finger_Carlsbad_Caverns.jpg

  39. Mammoth Cave: A Closer Look… http://images.travelpod.com/users/socks/1.1248576883.mammoth-cave-river-styx-tour-route.jpg

  40. Cave Formations… http://www.cr.nps.gov/history/online_books/orca/underworld/sec1b.htm

  41. Karst Topography: Sinkholes… 1. What is a sinkhole? A depression in the ground caused by the collapse of a cave http://southeastsinkhole.com/

  42. Karst Topography 2. Karst topography are limestone regions that have sinkholes, sinks, and sinking streams – named for an area in Croatia. http://www.virginiacaves.org/lok/ccvup56.htm A aerial photograph of a classic Karst terrain north of Lewisburg, WV

  43. Karst Topography…

  44. Karst Topography • Missouri http://www.mospeleo.org/ozark_caving/springs/sprkarst.htm

  45. Hard Water… 4. Hard water is water that contains high concentrations of calcium, magnesiun, or iron. Common in limestone areas Causes deposits of calcium bicarbonate and can clog water pipes. (p. 247) More soap must be used

  46. Erosional Stream Load… 1. All the materials that the water in a stream carries is known as the stream’s load. http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9c/Stream_Load.gif

  47. Erosional Stream Load… Three ways in which a stream carries its load... Material is carried in solution after it becomes dissolved in a stream’s water. All particles small enough to be held up by the turbulence of a stream’s moving water are carried in suspension. Sediments that are too large or heavy to be held up by turbulent water are transported as a stream’s bed load.

  48. Erosional Stream Load…

  49. Erosional Stream Load… 2. Carrying capacity is the ability of a stream to… transport material http://water.weather.gov/ahps2/images/hydrograph_photos/muri2/muri2_2.jpg

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