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Water in the Earth

Water in the Earth. The Water Cycle. Earth has been recycling its water supply for 4 billion years. 97.2% = Ocean salt water 2.8% = fresh water. When precipitation falls, four things can happen: Water retention Infiltration Runoff Evapotranspiration. Factors Affecting Infiltration.

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Water in the Earth

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  1. Water in the Earth

  2. The Water Cycle • Earth has been recycling its water supply for 4 billion years. • 97.2% = Ocean salt water • 2.8% = fresh water

  3. When precipitation falls, four things can happen: • Water retention • Infiltration • Runoff • Evapotranspiration

  4. Factors Affecting Infiltration 1. Slope of the land – the steeper the slope, the less infiltration.

  5. Factors Affecting Infiltration 1.) Zone of aerationpores are partly filled with air and water. 2.) Zone of saturationpores are completely filled with water. 2. Degree of Saturation – the more saturated the ground is, the less infiltration there will be.

  6. Regolith Solid Rock

  7. Factors Affecting Infiltration • Porosity: the percentage of open space in a material compared to its total volume. • The greater the porosity, the greater the infiltration.

  8. Porosity depends on: • Shape - Rounded particles have greater porosity than angular. Rounded shapes do not fit together tightly.

  9. Porosity depends on: • Packing: • Closely packed = lower porosity. • Loosely packed = higher porosity.

  10. Porosity depends on: • Sorting: • All the same size (sorted) has higher porosity. • All different sizes (unsorted) has lower porosity. Smaller particles can fit between larger particles.

  11. Size DOES NOT affect porosity!!! Few pore spaces, but they are very large. Many pore spaces, but they are very small. Same Porosity

  12. Factors Affecting Infiltration • Permeability: the ability of a material to allow fluids to pass through **How WELL CONNECTED are the pore spaces?** Permeable: Allows fluids to pass through Impermeable: Fluids cannot pass through easily

  13. Impermeable Impermeable Permeable

  14. Factors Affecting Infiltration • Capillarity: the attractive force between water molecules and the surrounding Earth materials. • Results in the movement of water up against gravity

  15. Zone of Aeration

  16. Factors Affecting Infiltration • Vegetation: more plants = more infiltration

  17. Factors Affecting Infiltration • Land Use: • Creation of impermeable surfaces • Removal of vegetation

  18. Surface Runoff Occurs when: • Precipitation rate > infiltration rate • Surface material is saturated • Slope too steep • Surface water has not yet evaporated/sublimated **Most runoff makes it to streams, which carry water back to the oceans.

  19. Surface Runoff Stream Discharge: the volume of water flowing past a certain spot in a stream in a specific amount of time.

  20. Surface Runoff • Flooding:occurs when a stream overflows its normal channel. • Precipitation rate > infiltration rate • Hurricane’s storm surge • Rising of sea level • Sinking Land • Tides moving water onto land

  21. Flooding of the Walsbash River in Indiana inundates Highway 63 for 3/4 mile on June 13, 2004. Birds and Crane in the foreground are watching a 2-foot carp (fish) cross the road. Photo Credit: Photo by Marvin Nauman, FEMA News Photo

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