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Introduction to Physics: Fundamental Elements, Theories, and Methods

This physics course provides an introduction to the fundamental elements of the universe, theories of physics, and scientific methods. Topics include motion of particles, units and dimensional analysis, and the interaction of theories and observations.

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Introduction to Physics: Fundamental Elements, Theories, and Methods

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  1. بسم الله الرحمن الرحیم References: Sixth Edition of physics (1) (Mechanics), Volume One by Robert Resnick, David Halliday, Kenneth S. Krane; with the assistance of Paul Stanley Physics for Scientists and Engineers, Raymond A. Serway - Emeritus, James Madison University John W. Jewett - California State Polytechnic University, Pomona, ISBN 0534408427 1296 pages, 2004; 6th Edition http://sci.ui.ac.ir/~sjalali/book/physics_serway.pdf

  2. Evaluation Procedures: • Midterm (40% or 45%) + Final (50% or 45%) + Homework (10%) • Midterm (25% or 30%) + Final (40% or 35%) + Homework (10%) + Research (25%) • N.B. Choice is yours to select procedure Number 1 or Procedure Number 2 • If you wish to select procedure 2, I would suggest going through text • book written by D. Halliday and his coworkers in detail:

  3. کليه سوالات امتحان از مسايل و پرسشهای کتاب ريموند سروی طرح می شوند.

  4. WhatisPhysics?

  5. Physics is aScience

  6. Scientific Method Sun, moon, planets, stars, rise in east, set in west. Observation Theory Earth at center of Universe Seasons, equinoxes, position of planets Predictions

  7. Scientific Method Observation Theory Predictions

  8. Scientific Method Observation New Theory Disagrees Agrees Retrograde motion of planets Sun at center of solar system Theory Predictions

  9. and How do they interact? Physics isthe most fundamentalscience What are the fundamental elements of the universe?

  10. Constituents quarks, leptons photons, gluons, W’s, Z’s Four forces Gravity Electromagnetism Chromodynamics Weak Force Modern Theory Relativistic Quantum Mechanics

  11. Newtonian Mechanics • Isaac Newton (~ 1670) • Thetheory of physics for over 200 years • Precisely describes our everyday world • Mathematically simple But • The theory is incorrect • Fails at large velocities (~ speed of light) • Einstein’s Special Relativity • Fails at small distances (~ size of atom) • Quantum Mechanics

  12. Like Newton we will study: • Point Particles • Infinitesimal points (no structure) • Start by studying motion in one dimension • Keep it simple!

  13. Motion of a particle along a line • Where is the particle? Need to mark off the line

  14. Motion of a particle along a line -5 0 5 10 • Where is the particle? Need to mark off the line Particle is at 8.5 But 8.5 what?

  15. -5 m 0 m 5 m 10 m • Where is the particle? Need to mark off the line Particle is at 8.5 But 8.5 what? We will be using meters as our standard unit But the physics cannot depend on how we mark the line

  16. Units and Dimensional Analysis • Nature doesn’t care how it’s measured! The physics is the same in any units Use the most convenient (standard) units Meters (m), Kilograms (kg), Seconds (s) Convert to other units if necessary (or convenient) (Speed-of-Light in furlongs-per-fortnight) • Nature does care whattypeof units! Can often gain insight into a problem just by looking at the dimensions involved!

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