Review: 1700s .

1. Review: 1700s. Micheal Shea, Brittney Rangel, Regan Cruz, & Krizelle Guevara.

2. Economy of the 18th Century. Micheal Shea

3. Basic Changes. • Agricultural Revolution • Colonialism • England, The Dutch, and France • Trading Companies • Eastern/Western Europe increase in trade • Population growth • Regressive tax structure • Inflation: result of increased demand • Prices outperforming wages • Agriculturally based • (1700) 80% of western Europeans were farmers • Mostly poverty Jethro Tull: Seed Drill

4. Innovation in economics • Increased productivity • Economic structure • Taxes • Technology • Performance • Inventions • Steam engine • Flying Shuttle Flying Shuttle: John Kay, led the way for Automatic machine looms.

5. Adam smith • Criticisms of mercantilism and guild style economics • Laissez Faire • Liberalism • Wealth of Nations (1776) • Free Market • Division of labor • Minimal government intervention

6. Britiain • Natural resources • Coal and iron • Surplus capital available for investment: • Commercial revolution. • Predecessor to industrial revolution • Factory System • Machines

7. Impacts • Economic hardship around turn of century • French Revolution • New economic ideas • Liberalism sparks concepts of freedom VS

8. WORK CITED • Brainard, Rick. "18th Century Economics." !8th Century History. N.p., n.d. Web. 28 Apr. 2013. <http://www.history1700s.com/articles/article1010.shtml>. • Lane, Lisa M. "18th Century Economy and Society ." Western Civilization. N.p., n.d. Web. 28 Apr. 2013. <http://www.lisahistory.net/hist104/pw/lectures/18thc/18thc.htm>.

9. Political Aspects of the 1700s By: Brittney Rangel

10. Emerging political systems • Classic liberalism • Freedom of the individual and equality before the law…not democracy • Belief in laissez-faire capitalism • Belief in education and human fairness and happiness. • Emphasized freedom of press, religion, speech • Equal treatment and fair punishment.

11. Emerging political systems • Enlightened Despotism • Ruler who aimed for the advancement of society by fostering education, aiding the economy, and promoting social justice. • Mass of peopled were incapable of self-government • E.D. stayed in power while promoting the good of their people.

12. Enlightened Despotism-Prussia • Frederick William I (1713-1740) • Centralized government and encouraged industry to support army. • Frederick the Great (1740-1786) • “ENLIGHTENED DESPOT” • Improved education • Codified laws • Fostered industry • Invited immigration • Reduced censorship • Eliminated capital punishment • Except in army • Extended religious toleration • Sorry Jewish people • FREED THE SERFS!!!

13. Enlightened Despotism- Austria • Maria Theresa (1740-1780) • Took over a weakened Hapsburg Dynasty • Determined to strengthen the government by • Promoting commerce • Limiting the power of the nobles • Pragmatic Sanction of 1713- improve conditions of her people. • Reduced pope’s influence and the Jesuits.

14. Enlightened Despotism- Austria • Joseph II • Abolished serfdom and feudal dues in 1781 • Not effective in enforcing • Peasants pay in cash not labor. • Freedom of religion and press • Ended death penalty • Established schools, hospitals, poorhouses, asylums. • Made German official language.

15. Enlightened Despotism- Russia • Catherine the Great (1762-1796) • Came to power after the murder of her husband Tsar Peter III • Patron of French philosophies • Pugachev Rebellion- gained ground with peasants. • Caused her to end her enlightened reforms. • Continued the work of territorial expansion by annexing both Polish and Ottoman land.

16. Conflicts of 1700s • War of Austrian Succession • Frederick the Great conquered Silesia • Violated Austria’s Pragmatic Sanction • Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle • Win on Prussia’s side resulting in doubling their land and population

17. Conflicts of the 1700s • Seven Years’ War • Maria Teresa wanted to regain Silesia. • Also Russia and France as allies. • Support from Russia, France, and Austria • Diplomatic Revolution of 1756 • France/Austria vs Britain/Prussia • Treaty of Paris 1763 • Led to competition of colonies in America- French and Indian War. • France lost all its North American territory. • Solidified independence of colonies.

18. The French Revolution • State of disarray • Government was corrupt, inefficient, in debt. • Class structure was old school, and its institutions encrusted with medieval traditionalism. • Stoked by ideals of Enlightenment, class resentments erupted into revolution. • “liberty, equality, fraternity” • Shook political order in all of Europe

19. 1. Estates-General meet for the first time • Estates-General had not met in 175 years • Called to meet to raise taxes • Parliament of Paris refused • Unified nobility with Third Estate • Took Tennis Court Oath • Promising to not leave until they had a constitution

20. 2. Declaration of the Rights of Man • Monarchy had consolidated power- Intendant system. • Ideas of Enlightenment led to demand for a French constitution at the Bastille. • Freedom of speech, thought, and religion were guaranteed • Due process of law • Taxes could only be imposed with consent of the governed.

21. 3. The Great Fear • Unleashed as a reaction to the Declaration of the Rights of Man • Third Estate rose up against the nobility destroyed feudal records and noble residents.

22. 4. Formation of the National Assembly • Formed to make a constitution and rule the country. • Allowed for the election of a Legislative Assembly • King tried to escape with his family.

23. 5. Attempted escape of Louis XVI • Fearful for their lives • “Flight to Varennes” • Cemented national sentiment against the royal family • Captured and became prisoners of the Parisian mob.

24. 6. Legislative Assembly declares war on Austria • Declaration of Pillnitz: saw Austria try to intervene in French Affairs • Sans-culottes and radicals came together to oust foreign invasion.

25. 7. Radicals and San-Culottes gain power • Pent-up aggression from the Third Estate led to Marat, Danton, and Robespierre gaining power. • Revolutionary zeal swept the country side • Reign of Terror resulted.

26. 8. National Convention is formed • New assembly under the republic • Jacobins and Girondits battled for control • First Coalition- alliance of Austria, England, Netherlands, Prussia, and Spain to combat French advance.

27. 9. Execution of the King • Maximilien Robespierre • Leader of the Jacobins • Pushed for the execution of the king • Tried for treason • Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette were guillotined in January 1793.v

28. 10. Committee of Public Safety • Launched Reign of Terror. • Over 20,000 people were executed from 1793-94. • Nearly 75% from working class and peasants. • Republic of Virtue • Attempt to de-Christianize France • Alienated the Catholic majority of the nation

29. 11. Rise of the Directory • Robespierre and Danton were dead. • Radical phase ran its course and people wanted stability. • France was ruled by moderates • Many sans-culottes felt abandoned by the revolution

30. 12. Napoleon rises to power • Power vacuum • Brilliant general and a lesser noble. • Instituted reforms of law and freedom of religion. • Gave the people what they wanted, while exercising immense control.

31. Sources • http://staff.gps.edu/mines/Age%20of%20Absol%20-%20Enlightend%20Despots.htm • http://thecaveonline.com/APEH/revueFrRev.html • http://thecaveonline.com/APEH/revueenlightenment.html

32. Intellectual and cultural history of The 1700s By: Regan Cruz

33. Scientific REvolution • Copernicus: Developed the helio-centric theory, On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres • Galileo: Proved that the Earth was not the center of the universe, angered the church, experimented with inertia discovering that objects of different weights fall at the same rate. • Isaac Newton: Laws of Motion: ex) for every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction. • Leeuwenhoek: Invented/used microscopes, began microbiology • Vesalius: Dissection of corpses were the first detailed anatomical maps of the human body. • William Harvey: On the Movement of the Heart and Blood, explained the circulation of the blood through arteries and veins. • Johannes Kepler: 3 laws of planetary motion, elliptical orbits • Tycho Brahe: Assistant to Kepler.

34. The Enlightenment • Age of Reason • Intellectual movement of the 1700s • Enlightenment thinkers aimed to discover the natural laws that ruled the affairs of humans and society through reason • Criticized absolute monarchy and traditional church • Proposed reforms to endorse individual freedom • Thinkers referred to as philosophes

35. Enlightenment • Philosophes varied socially from Aristocrats to lower-middle class • Common people and peasants little affected by Enlightenment • Ideas spread to literate elite through publication and sale of books and treatises and salons

36. Salons • Drawing rooms where invited philosophes and guests gathered to discuss new ideas of philosophes • Women served as hostesses and were in positions to affect the decisions of kings, sway political opinion, and influence literary and artistic taste • Provided havens for people and views rejected by the royal court • Decline caused by complaints that females exerted unwarranted influence in French affairs • Most famous for this is Madame Geoffrin.

37. Philosophes • Critics of Old Regime • Established new governmental, economic, and religious ideas • Worked to reform human nature and society • Believe people can find answers to their questions and solutions to their problems through the use of reason • Sapare(“dare to know”) was their motto • Promoted Lassiez Faire ideals such as liberal thought and freedom of politics, society, and economics

38. Enlightenment thinkers • Voltaire (1694-1778): advocate of enlightened/benevolent despotism (form of government in which absolute monarchs pursued legal, social, and educational reforms inspired by the Enlightenment) • Corresponded with Frederick the Great of Prussia and Catherine the Great of Russia • Adam Smith (1723-1790): proponent of Laissez Faire • Author of The Wealth of Nations • Wealth of a nation determined by its production of goods

39. Enlightenment thinkers • Rouesseau(1712-1778): • Wrote The Social Contract • Advocated for the reconciliation of government and individual liberty • Stressed the importance of the role of individuals in society • Contract proposed members of society agree to be ruled by general will • Montesquieu (1689-1755): • Wrote The Spirit of the Laws • Advocated the concept of separation of powers of executive, legislative, and judicial branches • Division of authority would limit power and protect individual rights

40. Enlightenment thinkers • Mary Wollstonecraft (1759-1797): • Author of A Vindication of the Rights of Woman • Society kept women “frivolous, artificial, weak, and in a perpetual state of childhood” • Men refuse to treat women as rational humans capable of contributing to society as men do • Advocated educational reform for women

41. Innovations in art • Rococo style began to affect decorations and architecture throughout Europe in the 1730s • Rejected strict geometrical patterns • Liked to follow curves and wandering lines of natural objects, such as seashells and flowers • Emphasized grace and gentle action • Neoclassicism movement occurred in France in the late 1700s • Sought to recapture simplicity and dignity of classical ancient Greece and Rome

42. Innovations in music • Developmental years for classical music • Rise in opera/oratorio, sonata, concerto, and symphony • Baroque musical style perfected by Bach and Handel • Orchestral music was developed in the later half of the century, along with the invention of the piano • Classical music era emerged, represented by Haydn and Mozart

43. Innovations in literature • The 1700s led to the invention of the novel • Grew out of medieval romances and picaresque stories of the sixteenth century • No established rules left the novel up to experimentation • Chief vehicle for fiction writing • Popular among female readers and writers • Novels appealed to the growing sensibility in the 1700s, the popularity of the sentimental and emotional

44. Innovations in literature • Philosophes created a revolution in the writing of history • Eliminated the role of God in history • Concentration on historical events themselves and search for casual relationships in the natural world • Philosophe-historians broadened range of history from the humanists’ preoccupation with politics to incorporate economic, social, intellectual, and cultural developments

45. Popular culture • Group activity, especially festivals such as in Catholic Europe, that celebrated the feast day of the local patron saint • Annual Christmas and Easter festivals • Special occasions on which people ate, drank, and celebrated to excess • Festival of Carnival is celebrated for weeks leading up to Lent and is a time of great indulgence • Popular culture also included a vast array of traditional songs and stories that were passed on for generations, as well as popular literature such as chapbooks (short brochures printed on cheap paper sold by traveling salesmen to the lower class)

46. Religion • Established Catholic and Protestant churches were conservative institutions that upheld the society’s hierarchical structure, privileged classes, and traditions • Parish church run by priest or pastor remained center of religious practice • Church kept records of births, deaths, and marriages • Provided charity for poor, supervised education, cared for orphans • Despite the rise of skepticism and intellectuals’ belief in deism and natural religion, religious devotion remained strong

47. Childcare • Lower class women continued to breast feed their children because it offered the most nourishment and served as wet nurses for upper class women • Aristocratic and upper middle class women considered breast feeding to be undignified • Children began being dressed in more comfortable clothes appropriate for their age rather than adult styled clothing • Childrens’ games and toys became apparent • Children remained source of anxiety; health risk to mother and an expense to feed • In economic crisis, parents resorted to infanticide and foundling houses

48. Marriages and birthrates • Newly married couples established own households separate of their parents and became known as nuclear families • Outside aristocracy, men and women began to marry late to establish what they needed • Late marriages caused limits on birthrates and became considered a natural form of birth control • After 1750, illegitimacy began to rise

49. Marriages and birthrates • First child often appeared within the first year if marriage, with additional children every 2-3 years • Average number of children in a family was 5 • 40-60 percent of women were never married • In urban areas, male and female children either helped with housework or were sent to work as household servants to help the family economy

50. Poverty • Poverty a huge problem in 1700s in both cities and countryside • Beggars became very common • Prostitution was often the alternative to begging • At the end of the century in France and Britain, about 10 percent of people depended on charity or begging for their food • Charity to poor beggars became seen as an encouragement to their idleness and led them to vice and crime • 1770s- French tried to provide jobs through public works projects such as road building, but it was unsuccessful due to insufficient funds