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World War II

World War II. 1939-1945. The Road to War. Essential Question How did dictators acquire and expand power in Europe in the 1930s?. The Rise of Dictators. Bitterness over the outcome of WWI and serious economic problems led to the rise of dictators in several countries. American Diary.

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World War II

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  1. World War II 1939-1945

  2. The Road to War • Essential Question • How did dictators acquire and expand power in Europe in the 1930s?

  3. The Rise of Dictators • Bitterness over the outcome of WWI and serious economic problems led to the rise of dictators in several countries

  4. American Diary Many people underestimated Adolf Hitler’s influence, but not journalist William Shirer. He described a rally for Hitler at Nuremberg in September 1934: “Like a Roman emperor, Hitler rode into this medieval town…When Hitler finally appeared on the balcony for a moment,…(people) looked up at him as if he were a Messiah, their faces transformed into something positively inhuman.” The passion of the Nazis shocked Shirer, and soon it would shock the world. From Berlin Diary

  5. Hitler

  6. Hitler

  7. Italy – Benito Mussolini • Made fascism popular • Banned all other political parties except the Fascist Party • Ended democratic rule • Civil liberties and free press ceased to exist • Left the League of Nations

  8. Germany – Adolf Hitler • Won support by appealing to German fears about the economy and Treaty of Versailles • Leader of National Socialist Party (Nazi) • Believed German people were superior to others • Anti-Semitism • Ended democracy and set up totalitarian state • Formed alliance with Italy in 1936

  9. Soviet Union – Joseph Stalin • Communist leader • Used force to gain obedience from his people • Executed his rivals • Sent millions of people suspected of disloyalty to labor camps

  10. American Neutrality • 1935 and 1937 Neutrality Acts • Banned weapons sales and loans to nations that were at war

  11. Germany on the March • Other European countries stood by as Germany expanded its territory • Sent German troops to take over neutral territory • Sent troops to Austria to unite them with Germany • Claimed parts of Czechloslovakia • Britain and France thought they could avoid war by accepting Germany’s demands – Appeasement • Germany took Western Czechoslovakia • Germany prepared to invade Poland

  12. Answer the Essential Question How did dictators acquire and expand power in Europe in the 1930’s?

  13. War Begins • Essential Question • How did peaceful nations confront foreign aggressors in WWII?

  14. War in Europe • 1939 – Hitler invades Poland – Great Britain and France declare war • Germans called their attack a blitzkrieg • Swift and fierce • Thousands of soldiers entered Poland • Soviet Union and Germany divide Poland in half

  15. The War Expands • Germany forces Denmark, Norway, the Netherlands and Belgium to surrender • 1940 – Germany invades France and captures Paris • Allied Powers • Great Britain • France • Axis Powers • Germany • Italy • Japan

  16. Battle of Britain • Hitler aims to break British morale before invading • Bombed airbases, shipyards, industries and cities (London) • Under inspiration of Prime Minister Winston Churchill, England fought back • Never gave up control of the skies and inflicted heavy losses • Hitler ended the attacks

  17. London

  18. Germany Turns East • Hitler wanted resources offered by Soviet land and invaded • Stalin ordered a scorched earth policy • Burned their own cities and destroyed their own crops • Made it harder for Germans to supply their troops as they advanced

  19. America and the War • Roosevelt favored neutrality but began to mobilize • Openly supports Allies • Built up navy • Set up peace time draft • Threatened by war, Roosevelt ran for third term and easily wins 1940 election • Began sending supplies to the Allies

  20. The Japanese Threat • Japan continues their expansion and military conquests in the East • Japan planned to attack British, Dutch and American territory in the area • Roosevelt froze all Japanese reserves of money in US banks

  21. Attack on Pearl Harbor • December 7, 1941: Japanese war plans attack American military base at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii • Destroyed battleships, cruisers and airplanes • Americans taken by surprise and more than 2,300 are killed • Attack unites the country • Roosevelt asked Congress to declare war and joined Allied Powers

  22. Answer the Essential Question How did peaceful nations confront foreign aggressors in WWII?

  23. On the Home Front • Essential Question • In what ways did American men, women and minorities support the war effort at home?

  24. America Prepares • Building an army • More than 15 million Americans joined the armed forces • Women joined the military in large numbers (non combat roles) • Mobilization • Nation refocused economy to provide supplies for the war effort

  25. Financing the War • $320 billion dollars spent by government on war effort (10x amount of WWI) • Raised taxes • Sold war bonds

  26. Making Sacrifices • Civilians provided training, equipment, transportation, medical care, food and shelter for the armed forces • Separation from loved ones • Shortages of consumer goods • Used government issued ration books to buy things like • Gasoline • Tires • Sugar • Meat

  27. Ration Books

  28. Women and Minorities in WWII • African Americans • 1 million serve in armed forces in low level assignments and segregated units (at first) • 1942 – Army begins training white and black soldiers together • Many migrate North to take factory jobs • Fought for equality on the home front

  29. Women and Minorities in WWII • Women • More than ever join the workforce • “Rosie the Riveter” encouraged women to take factory jobs • Earned less than men • Many lose their jobs when men return • WWII changes public opinion about women’s right to work

  30. Women and Minorities in WWII • Native Americans • Served in armed forces • Worked in industry • “Code talkers” – armed forces used a special code in Navajo language that the Japanese never broke

  31. Where do you think this is? What do you think you are looking at?

  32. Women and Minorities in WWII • Japanese Americans • Feared and hated by many other Americans • Americans were worried about their loyalty • FDR ordered more than 100,000 Japanese Americans to detention centers • Internment camps • Had almost everything taken away • Crowded and uncomfortable • Some were forced to stay for 3 years

  33. Japanese Internment

  34. Making Connections • What kinds of sacrifices did American civilians make during wartime? • What legal action was taken against many Japanese Americans? What does the word “legal” imply? • Answer the Essential Question: In what ways did men, women and minorities support the war effort at home?

  35. War in Europe • Essential Question • What strategies did the Allies pursue to defeat the Axis Powers in Europe?

  36. Setting a Strategy • German forces occupied almost all of Europe and most of North Africa • Allied powers invade North Africa to gain combat experience and attack the edges of the German empire • Under American general Dwight D. Eisenhower, the Allies drove the Germans out of North Africa in 1943 • Invasion of Italy under American General George Patton forced Benito Mussolini to surrender • Launched air raids on Germany

  37. The Tide Turns in Europe • Germans focused much of their effort on the Soviet Union • Set up a military blockade on Leningrad (900 days) • Thousands starved to death • Germans never able to take the city • 1941 – Germans tried to take Stalingrad • Wintry weather slowed the attack • Soviets forced a German retreat and cut off supply lines • Major turning point in the war!

  38. Invasion of France • Allied forces were preparing to invade German occupied Europe • June 6, 1944 – D-Day • Allied troops took the shores of Normandy under heavy German fire and threat of landmines • Allies landed millions of troops in France and pushed into Europe

  39. Victory in Europe • Looked as if war would be over soon • German counter attacked at the Battle of the Bulge • Americans won and headed to Germany • 1945 – With Soviet troops just outside Berlin, Hitler commits suicide • Germany signed an unconditional surrender (May 7, 1945)

  40. The Holocaust • As the Allies freed German-held areas, they discovered numerous instances of Nazi cruelty • Genocide – Jews targeted for total extermination (6 million killed) • Slavs, Gypsies, Communists, homosexuals and people with disabilities killed as well • Beginning when Hitler gained power in 1933, Jews were deprived of many rights

  41. Persecution of Germany’s Jews Marriage between Jews and other Germans banned German citizenship taken away Kept from voting or holding public office Not allowed to employ non-Jewish Germans Later, banned from owning businesses Could not practice law or medicine Forced to wear a yellow six pointed star Sent to concentrations camps

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