Topic: Homeostasis Digestive System (NUTRITION)

1. Topic: Homeostasis Digestive System (NUTRITION)

2. Aim: How do organisms get the nutrients needed to maintain homeostasis? • Do Now : How do your cells get the organic material needed to fuel cellular respiration? • Provide an example (What did you eat for lunch?) • Homework : Castle learning assignment

3. What is Nutrition? When an organism takes in & processes materials needed for energy, growth, repair and regulation

4. 2 TYPES OF NUTRITION AUTOTROPH & HETEROTROPH

5. AUTOTROPHS • “Self-feeders” • Organisms that make their own food from inorganic molecules taken in from the environment. • Examples: plants & algae

6. Types of autotrophic nutrition Photosynthesis: use light energy to make organic substances Ex.) plants and algae Chemosynthesis: use inorganic compounds containing sulfur and nitrogen to make food Ex.) deep sea plants and organisms

7. HETEROTROPHS • Organisms that must ingest organic materials already made in the environment. • Ex.) Humans, fungi grasshopper, animals

8. Processes involved in heterotrophic nutrition • Ingestion: take INfood • Digestion: breakdown of food • Absorption: uptake of matter • Egestion: removal of undigested food

9. 2 FORMS OF DIGESTION • INTRACELLULAR DIGESTION:digestion occurs inside cells of organisms Ex. Animals EXTRACELLULAR DIGESTION: digestion 1st occurs outside cells then brought inside cells Ex. Fungi, Hydra

10. How do we eat as Americans?

11. What about the Pittsburgh Steelers?

12. Summary 1. Which organism is classified as a heterotroph? a.) mushroom b.) maple tree c.) geranium d.) moss

13. 2. Which life process is classified as autotrophic in some organisms and heterotrophic in other organisms? • hormonal regulation • nutrition • anaerobic respiration • transport

14. 3. A word equation is shown below. • This reaction is most directly involved in the process of • reproduction • protein synthesis • replication • heterotrophic nutrition

15. A student has a hamburger, french fries, and soda for lunch. Which sequence represents the correct order of events in the nutritional processing of this food? • ingestion → digestion → absorption → egestion • digestion → absorption → ingestion → egestion • digestion → egestion → ingestion → absorption • ingestion → absorption → digestion → egestion

16. Aim: How do our organs work to help us to digest large molecules? Do Now: Regent question Homework: Castle learning

17. DO NOW:

18. Human Digestive System • Breaks down the food you eat into small molecules in order for nutrients to diffuse into cells. It can then be used to create a usable form of energy.

19. Human Digestive system • Tract (passage) through the body with 2 openings • Approx. 6 to 9 meters long tube • One way tube from mouth  to anus

20. Path of food through the digestive tract • Mouth • Esophagus • Stomach • Small intestine • Large intestine • Anus

21. MECHANICAL vs. CHEMICAL DIGESTION MECHANICAL DIGESTION: breaking down food physically. Teeth: cutting, grinding & tearingincreases surface area of food before chemical digestion.

22. Chemical Digestion: large organic molecules are changed to smaller molecules by enzymes Simple sugars CARBOHYDRATES LIPIDS 3 fatty acids + glycerol Proteins Amino Acids

24. 1. What occurs during the digestion of protein? • Specific enzymes break down proteins into amino acids. • Specific hormones break down proteins into simple sugars. • Specific hormones break down proteins into complex starches. • Specific enzymes break down proteins into simple sugars.

25. 2. Which statement best describes animals that are heterotrophs? • They are able to convert light energy into useful chemical bond energy. • They are able to synthesize organic nutrients from inorganic raw materials. • They are unable to consume preformed organic compounds. • They are unable to synthesize organic nutrients from inorganic raw materials.

26. 3. Which process is not included in heterotrophic nutrition? • ingestion • photosynthesis • egestion • digestion

27. Which order of metabolic processes converts nutrients consumed by an organism into cell parts? • digestion → absorption → circulation → diffusion → synthesis • absorption → circulation → digestion → diffusion → synthesis • digestion → synthesis → diffusion → circulation → absorption • synthesis → absorption → digestion → diffusion → circulation

28. Aim: How do our organs work to help us to digest large molecules? Do Now: Homework: Castle learning Nutrition II Projects due Tomorrow!!!!

29. Human Digestive System • Gastrointestinal tract aka alimentary canal • One way tube • Extracellular digestion occurs

31. Food enters Oral cavity • Mechanical digestion (teeth) • Saliva from salivary glands to moisten food • Chemical digestion: • Amylase enzyme in saliva that digests starch (BEGINNING OF CARBOHYDRATE DIGESTION)

32. Esophagus esophagus

33. Connects mouth to the stomach • Peristalsis: muscular movement that pushes food through digestive tract • NO DIGESTION OCCURS DEMO

34. Stomach

35. Gastric glands in lining  secrete gastric juice which contains: • Hydrochloric acid  makes the stomach acidic • Pepsin enzyme to digest protein • Mucus lining to coat stomach wall • Chyme  moves to small intestine VIDEO 2:09

36. Summary

37. Small intestine SPHINCTOR

38. Where digestion is completed • Duodenum first part of the SI • Where most chemical digestion occurs • Where absorption of nutrients into the blood occurs with the help of VILLI

39. VILLI

40. Tiny fingerlike projections on lining of small intestine • Where digested nutrients (glucose, amino acids, glycerol, fatty acids)diffuse into the bloodstream • Inside villi: • Capillaries (glucose and amino acids) • Lacteal (fatty acids and glycerol)

41. Large intestine

42. NO DIGESTION • Reabsorbs water • Forms feces (undigested food)

43. AIM: How are accessory organs important to the maintenance of homeostasis? Do Now: State the function of 3 organs in the digestive system. Homework: Castle learning “Digestive System II”

44. Rectum • Last part of large intestine • Stores feces • Where feces is egested out of the body

45. Summary The main function of the human digestive system is to • rid the body of cellular waste materials • process organic molecules so they can enter cells • break down glucose in order to release energy • change amino acids into proteins and carbohydrates

46. The end products of digestion enter the cells of a vertebrate by the process of • absorption • osmosis • emulsification • egestion

47. In a human, the movement of glucose from the digestive tract to muscle cells is most directly a result of • ingestion and digestion • absorption and circulation • anaerobic respiration • protein synthesis

48. Identify the following organs • Esophagus • Stomach • Pancreas • Large intestine • Gall bladder • Small intestine

49. Accessory organs • Organs that help in digestion • Food DOES NOT pass through these organs • Examples: - Salivary glands - Liver - Gall bladder - Pancreas

50. Liver