Forestry 280: Hand lens cross-sections,Woods 1-13: Softwoods with normal resin canals

1. Forestry 280: Hand lens cross-sections,Woods 1-13: Softwoods with normal resin canals • Views are presented to approximate observation with a 10x hand lens. Thus, both specimen imperfections and some lack of detail will be evident. • Images with species name shown in white are courtesy of the USDA Forest Service, Center for Wood Anatomy Research.

2. Horizontal Resin canal Normal, longitudinal resin canals #1 – Sugar Pine, Pinus lambertiana

3. Latewood One growth ring Earlywood #1 – Sugar Pine, Pinus lambertiana • Note the following: • Four normal, longitudinal resin canals • One normal, horizontal (or transverse) resin canal • Wood texture (“medium-coarse”) Approximately 20x

4. #2 - White pineEastern, Pinus strobusWestern, P. monticola

5. Note “honeycomb” appearance of tracheids #2 - White pineEastern, Pinus strobusor Western, P. monticola Approximately 20x Approximately 10x

6. # 3 – Lodgepole pine, Pinus contorta Here, resin canals look like whitish spots. Note “dimples” on split tangential surface, as seen in large display sample in the classroom!

7. #4 – Southern Yellow Pines, Pinus spp. 10x 20x Note frequency of resin canals and prominence of latewood; also, variable wood structure (growth rate, percent latewood, etc.)

8. #5 – Ponderosa pine, Pinus ponderosa Resin canals are frequent, numerous; typically present in every growth ring (typical of pines in general).

9. Horizontal resin canal Note “artifacts” (knife marks) #5 – Ponderosa pine, Pinus ponderosa

10. #6 – Red pine, Pinus resinosa Resin canals are numerous, but small.

11. Resin canals #7 - Jack Pine, Pinus banksiana • Don’t separate red and jack pines macroscopically • Note: These may be separated microscopically: Red pine has window-like cross-field pits; jack pine has pinoid pits.

12. #8 - Tamarack, Larix laricina 10x Resin canals are small and sparse, appearing here as whitish dots. 20x

13. #9 – Western larch, Larix occidentalis Small, sparse resin canals.

14. #10 – Eastern spruces, Picea spp. Resin canals small, sparse; often appear as whitish flecks.

15. #11 – Engelmann spruce, Picea engelmannii Don’t separate Eastern spruces from Engelmann. Wood is soft, relatively easy to cut, and “lustrous” in appearance.

16. This particular sample has indented growth rings, called “bear scratches.” #12 – Sitka spruce, Picea sitchensis • Sitka has a “purplish” cast in the color of heartwood. • Resin canals sparse; somewhat larger than other spruces. • DO try to separate this from #10 & #11.

17. #13 – Douglas fir, Pseudotsuga menziesii Small, sparse resin canals. Relatively coarse texture.

18. Resin canals sometimes in short, tangential groups. #13 – Douglas fir, Pseudotsuga menziesii • Heartwood is often reddish- to orange-red • Heartwood often has a distinctive odor