Introduction to Biology-1

1. Introduction to Biology-1 • Remember: • An independent variable is the variable that YOU have control over • A dependent variable is the variable that RESPONDS to what you do. • A control group is the group that does not receive the treatment. • Read the scenario. • What is the independent variable? • What is the dependent variable? • What would be a good control group? • What conclusion could the students make based on the results? • A group of students hypothesize that the amount of alcohol produced in fermentation depends on the amount of glucose supplied to the yeast. They want to use 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, and 30% glucose solutions. These are the data:

2. Introduction to Biology • Remember: • An independent variable is the variable that YOU have control over • A dependent variable is the variable that RESPONDS to what you do. • A control group is the group that does not receive the treatment. • Read the scenario. • What is the independent variable? • What is the dependent variable? • What would be a good control group? 0% glucose • What conclusion could the students make based on the results? more alcohol is produced at higher glucose concentrations • A group of students hypothesize that the amount of alcohol produced in fermentation depends on the amount of glucose supplied to the yeast. They want to use 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, and 30% glucose solutions. These are the data:

3. Characteristics of Life-2 • Read the scenario and, on your answer sheet, underline all of the characteristics of life that the organism shows. • Sharks have many sub-species. This is a result of them evolving over time to fill an available niche. Although sharks do not have bones, they are made of cartilage. They are a multi-celled organism. They reproduce and give birth to live young. They are carnivorous, feeding only on meat. Most sharks are cold-blooded, although a few species are warm-blooded. For both, it is vital that they maintain homeostasis.

4. Characteristics of Life • Read the scenario and, on your answer sheet, underline all of the characteristics of life that the organism shows. • Sharks have many sub-species. This is a result of them evolving over time to fill an available niche. Although sharks do not have bones, they are made of cartilage. They are a multi-celled organism. They reproduce and give birth to live young. They are carnivorous, feeding only on meat. Most sharks are cold-blooded, although a few species are warm-blooded. For both, it is vital that they maintain homeostasis.

5. Food Chains and Food Webs-3 • Identify a food chain in the food web with four organisms. Write it down. • Label the producer, primary consumer, secondary consumer, and tertiary consumer. • How much energy is transferred between each trophic level? • What is the difference between a food web and a food chain?

6. Food Chains and Food Webs • Identify a food chain in the food web with four organisms. Write it down. • Plant (P) Grasshopper (1st C)frog (2nd C) owl (3rd C) • Label the producer, primary consumer, secondary consumer, and tertiary consumer. • How much energy is transferred between each trophic level? 10% moves up • What is the difference between a food web and a food chain? More complex and realistic

7. Carbon Cycle-4 • Examine the picture below. Answer the questions that follow. • How does carbon enter the food chain? • What two ways are humans negatively impacting the carbon cycle? • How are nutrient cycles different from energy?

8. Carbon Cycle • Examine the picture below. Answer the questions that follow. • How does carbon enter the food chain? • CO2 picked up by plants • What two ways are humans negatively impacting the carbon cycle? • burning FF • deforestation • How are nutrient cycles different from energy? • Matter cycles energy travels in one direction

9. Water Cycle-5 • Examine the picture below. Answer the questions that follow • Record the five steps of the water cycle. • What is it called when water evaporates from living tissue?

10. Water Cycle-5 • Examine the picture below. Answer the questions that follow • Record the five steps of the water cycle. • Evaporation • Condensation • Precipitation • Runoff • infiltration • What is it called when water evaporates from living plants? • transpiration

11. Nitrogen Cycle-6 • Examine the picture. Answer the questions that follow. • What organism is responsible for fixing nitrogen so that it is usable by plants? • How do consumers get their nitrogen? • How is nitrogen returned to the soil?

12. Nitrogen Cycle • Examine the picture. Answer the questions that follow. • What organism is responsible for fixing nitrogen so that it is usable by plants? • bacteria • How do consumers get their nitrogen? • Eat someone • How is nitrogen returned to the soil? • Decomposition or N fixation

13. Levels of Organization-7 • Examine the picture below. Answer the questions that follow. • Identify and DEFINE the levels of organization. • What is a biotic factor? • List four biotic factors from the picture. • What is an abiotic factor? • List four abiotic factors from the picture (may be inferences).

14. Levels of Organization • Species-able to reproduce & produce fertile offspring • Population- same species same area • Community- many populations in same area • Ecosystem- area including both the biotic and abiotic factors (biome= specific ecosystem) • Biosphere-all of planet tha supports life • biotic factor? • Living or formerly living • Populations • Food • Waste • mates • abiotic factor? • Nonliving but needed for living things • Air • Water • Space • temperature

15. Population Growth-8 • What kind of growth is in the graph below? • What must be true for this type of growth to occur? • What kind of growth is in the graph below? • What does the line “K” represent? • What causes “K” to occur? • What are some examples?

16. Population Growth • Exponential or J curve • NO limiting factors • Logistic or S curve • K= carrying capacity • Environmental pressures limiting factors • Food • Water • space

17. Density Dependent versus Independent-9 TORNADO • Examine the pictures and place them under the appropriate categories. SPACE FOOD DISEASE PREDATION COMPETITION FIRE

18. Density Dependent versus Independent TORNADO Density dependent • Food competition • Predation • Disease • space Density independent • Storms • fire SPACE FOOD DISEASE PREDATION COMPETITION FIRE

19. Types of Competition-10 • What is the difference between interspecific competition and intraspecific competition? • Which picture shows which type of competition?

20. Types of Competition • interspecific competition  between different species • intraspecific competition  between same species • Which picture shows which type of competition? intraspecific competition interspecific competition

21. Symbiosis-11 • What is symbiosis? • The picture below shows mutualism. WHY? • The picture below is an example of commensalism. What does this mean? • This tick is feeding off of a dog. What is this an example of?

22. Symbiosis • Symbiosis is when two different species live closely together • in mutualism both benefit • In commensalism one benefits and the other is not harmed or helped • This tick is feeding off of a dog. • Parasitism

23. Succession -12 • Primary Succession • Write down the steps of primary succession. • What is the purpose of lichen in primary succession?

24. Succession • Primary Succession • Bare rock is exposed • Pioneer species like moss or lichen grow on rock making soil • Grasses come in • Shrubs come in and are slowly replaced by trees and a then a mature climax community • Lichen is a fungi algae & mutualist that can grow on rock and help form soil

25. Succession-13 • Secondary Succession • Write down the steps of secondary succession. • How is secondary succession different from primary succession?

26. Succession • Secondary Succession • Something happens to an area disrupting and destroying the living things but leaving soil • Grasses and small plants come in • Larger plants shrubs and fast growing trees come in as do more animals • A mature, climax community develops • Secondary succession starts with soil while primary succession starts with bare rock

27. Succession-14 • Which type of succession will happen faster? • Why? • Using the pictures below, which natural disaster would cause primary succession to occur? • Using the pictures below, which disasters would cause secondary succession to occur? Forest Fire Clear Cutting (deforestation) Volcanic Eruption

28. Succession • Secondary succession occurs faster because soil is already present (soil takes a looooong time to form) • Primary succession would occur after a volcanic eruption • Secondary succession would occur after a fire or clear cutting Forest Fire Clear Cutting (deforestation) Volcanic Eruption

29. Threats to Biodiversity-15 • Biomagnification • Biomagnification is the build up of a persistent toxin within a food chain. • Summarize the picture • Who is most affected?

30. Threats to Biodiversity • Biomagnification • Biomagnification is the build up of a persistent toxin within a food chain. • As the toxin moves up the food chain it becomes more and more concentrated • So, the top predator received the most poison

31. Threats to Biodiversity-16 • Is the greenhouse effect a good thing or a bad thing? Why? • Is global warming a good thing or a bad thing? Why? • Why is global warming a concern? What are humans doing that may cause this to occur?

32. Threats to Biodiversity • The greenhouse effect a good thing because it keeps our planet warm • Global warming may be bad thing and it may be happening faster than normal • Rising sea levels, changing habitats • Burning of fossil fuels, coal, oil and natural gas

33. Desert-17 • Very hot • Dry • Vegetation includes cacti • Record the desert characteristics on your paper. • Think of two ways an animal might adapt to the desert biome? • Think of two ways a plant (such as a cactus) might adapt to the desert biome?

34. Desert • Very hot • Dry • Vegetation includes cacti • animals • Conserve water by little waste • Being nocturnal • plants • Waxy coating to decrease water loss • Spongy inner tissue to store water

35. Temperate Deciduous Forest-18 • Our biome! • Four seasons • Deciduous and coniferous trees • animal • Hibernate when it is cold • Shed in summer, grow a thick coat in winter • Plant • Lose leaves to save energy in winter with less sunlight • Broad leaves to catch lots of light during summer

36. Temperate Deciduous Forest • Our biome! • Four seasons • Deciduous and coniferous trees • Record the biome’s characteristics on your paper. • Think of two ways an animal may adapt to this biome. • Think of two ways a plant may adapt to this biome.

37. Tropical Rainforest-19 • Humid • Wet • Has the most biodiversity! • Being torn down all the time! • Record the biome’s characteristics on your paper. • What does biodiversity mean? • Why is biodiversity so important to humans?

38. Tropical Rainforest • Humid • Wet • Has the most biodiversity! • Rapidly being destroyed! Biodiversity is a variety of living organisms in an area Biodiversity is important because of the beauty, and value of the living organisms for food, medicine and resources

39. Tundra-20 • Cold, harsh winters • Little precipitation • Layer of permafrost • Vegetation cannot grow very tall. • What kind of animal (ex: reptile, mammal, etc.) can live here? • Why? • Why do you think many of these animals are white? • Why do you think vegetation cannot get very tall?

40. Tundra • Cold, harsh winters • Layer of permafrost • Vegetation cannot grow very tall. • Animals that can live here are tolerant of cold artic fox or have short lifecycles mosquitos • They may migrate to warmer areas, too elk • White fur or feathers acts as camouflage • There is too little soil and water for many plants to grow tall so there are only short plants