MR. BRINKMAN’S POWERPOINT FOR THE TREES AND PLANTS OF KENTUCKY

MR. BRINKMAN’S POWERPOINT FOR THE TREES AND PLANTS OF KENTUCKY Fruits contain seeds and come from the flowers

PLANT CELLS Major differences that plant cells Have the animal cells do not. • Cell wall • Vacuole • Chlorophyll Fruits contain seeds and come from the flowers

PHOTOSYNTHESIS Fruits contain seeds and come from the flowers

PHOTOSYNTHESIS FORMULA Fruits contain seeds and come from the flowers

CALVIN CYCLELIGHT DEPENDENT REACTION Fruits contain seeds and come from the flowers

KREBS CYCLELIGHT INDEPENDENT Fruits contain seeds and come from the flowers

AN OVERVIEW OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS Light • The light reactions convert solar energy to chemical energy • Produce ATP & NADPH Chloroplast NADP ADP + P Calvin cycle • The Calvin cycle makes sugar from carbon dioxide • ATP generated by the light reactions provides the energy for sugar synthesis • The NADPH produced by the light reactions provides the electrons for the reduction of carbon dioxide to glucose Light reactions

ANATOMY OF A TREE Crown= Where the leaves are located and the tree carries out photosynthesis Trunk= Support and Water + Sugar transport via roots to trunk or crown to trunk. Roots= Mineral and water absorption, and anchors the tree. Fruits contain seeds and come from the flowers

ANATOMY OF A PLANT ROOTS: ANCHORS PLANTS, ABSORBS MINERALS AND WATERS STEMS; ALLOWS MINERALS, WATER, AND SUGAR TO TRANSFER. LEAVES: PHOTOSYNTHESIS Fruits contain seeds and come from the flowers

ANATOMY OF A LEAF CUTICLE= WAXY COATING ON UPPER PART OF LEAF STOMATA= OPENING ON BOTTOM SIDE OF LEAF FOR GAS AND H20 EXCHANGE Fruits contain seeds and come from the flowers

WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN FRUIT AND VEGETABLE Fruits contain seeds and come from the flowers

HOW TO KEY TREES • The first step in tree identification is knowing that there are always distinguishing characteristics that separate one tree species from another. By examining different tree parts you will be able to confidently identify the different trees around your school. This will require some careful detective work on your part, but it should be fun and easy. • Here are some clues that you will need to examine: • TREE TYPE --Deciduous or Conifer? Tree or a shrub? Determining these things starts you off on your way to tree identification. • LEAF --Leaves are often the easiest way to identify most trees. Are the leaves arranged in an opposite or alternate pattern? • BARK --Bark can be helpful for identifying some types of trees. • FRUIT --The wide variety of fruit shapes makes them useful when identifying trees. • TWIG --You can actually tell a lot just by looking at the twig. • FORM --The way a tree grows can tell you a great deal about a tree. Fruits contain seeds and come from the flowers

Keying Certain Trees and Plants • Questions to ask your self! • Does the tree loose its leaves in fall?(Deciduous) • Does the tree keep leaves all year long? (Coniferous) • Does the plant survive only 1 year? (annual) • Does the plant come back every year (Perennial) Fruits contain seeds and come from the flowers

Common Trees in Kentucky • 1. American Beech 16. Sassafras • 2. American Holly 17. Sugar Maple • 3. American Linden 18. Sweet Birch • 4. Black Locust 19. Sycamore • 5. Black Walnut 20. Tulip Poplar • 6. Bur Oak 21. Virginia Pine • 7. Eastern White Pine 22. White Ash • 8. Eastern Hemlock 23. White Oak • 9. Honey locust • 10. Kentucky Coffeetree • 11. Northern Catalpa • 12. Northern Red Oak • 13. Ohio Buckeye • 14. Red Maple • 15. River Birch Fruits contain seeds and come from the flowers

AMERICAN BEECH American beech is the only member of the Fagus genus that is native to North America. It is probably best known for its very smooth, gray bark that usually has someone's initials carved into it. American beech is a slow-growing, long-lived species that may survive for 300 to 400 years. It makes an excellent shade tree.

AMERICAN HOLLY Fruits contain seeds and come from the flowers

AMERICAN LINDEN Most often seen at 40 to 50 feet in height with a spread of 35 to 40 feet, American Linden or Basswood is capable of reaching 80 to 100 feet or more. The tree is pyramidal when young but develops into a striking specimen with an upright, oval canopy atop a tall, straight trunk. Fruits contain seeds and come from the flowers

BLACK LOCUST DESCRIPTION: Black locust is a leguminous deciduous tree that grows from 30 to 80 feet tall. It is often attacked by stem borers and other insects, causing deformed growth and dieback. It has a shallow, fibrous root system and spreads by underground rhizomes. Young saplings have smooth, green bark; older trees have deep, furrowed, shaggy, dark bark with flat-topped ridges. Leaves are alternate and pinnately compound with 7 to 21 leaflets. Black locust commonly occurs in disturbed habitats like pastures, degraded woods, thickets, old fields, and roadsides Fruits contain seeds and come from the flowers

BLACK WALNUT The Eastern Black Walnut (species: Juglansnigra) is a tree in the Hickory family that is prized for its high value wood. It is a close relative of the "English Walnut" (also called the Persian Walnut) which is the primary Walnut species for edible Walnuts. It is native to much of central and eastern North America and has been introduced into Europe for several centuries The fruits of the Black walnut are edible but have smaller meats and are harder to harvest than those of the English walnut. Black walnut fruits are harvested mostly from wild trees. Fruits contain seeds and come from the flowers

BUR OAK The Tree: Native throughout the state on a great variety of soil types, it is drought resistant, perfectly hardy, slow growing, and may live for as many as 400 years on the best sites. The bur oak has a tremendous tap root Wildlife Value: Excellent, used for cover and food (acorns, twigs, buds, bark) source to numerous wildlife, including waterfowl, marshbirds, shorebirds, upland game, song birds, rodents, game animals, and hoofed browsers Fruits contain seeds and come from the flowers

EASTERN WHITE PINE Needles soft, flexible, blue-green; 2"-4" long, 3-sided, in bundles of five. Evergreen. Fruits contain seeds and come from the flowers

EASTERN HEMLOCK Native Americans used the bark of the hemlock, which has a high concentration of tannic acid, to make a tea that was used to treat coughs and to apply to cuts and wounds. The early settlers used it as a source of lumber and tannin, an industry that peaked between 1890 and 1910. Hundreds of leather tanneries were established in Eastern Canada and New England. Over the last several decades, the woolly adelgid, an insect pest from Asia, has decimated the hemlock stands of the southern Appalachians Fruits contain seeds and come from the flowers

HONEY LOCUST The scientific name of the honey locust tree is Gleditsiatriacanthosinermis. It is a deciduous, perennial tree and is native to North America, especially the eastern regions. It is commonly called the Sweet Bean, Sweet Locust and Honeyshuck. The honey locust tree has a wide canopy and this helps grass to grow in its shade. It has a rapid growth rate and lives up to an average age of 100 years Fruits contain seeds and come from the flowers

KENTUCKY COFFEE TREE Kentucky coffee tree is a large round-barked tree belonging to the legume family and reaches heights of 60 to 100 feet Fruits contain seeds and come from the flowers

NORTHERN CATALPA Farmers introduced Northern Catalpa to Ohio in order to produce large amounts of relatively lightweight timber for fenceposts, since the wood is very resistant to rotting. Its rapid growth rate assisted in this need (along with other trees, like Black Locust and Osage-Orange) until metal fenceposts were developed and largely replaced wooden fenceposts. Fruits contain seeds and come from the flowers

NORTHERN RED OAK Alternate, simple, 5 to 8 inches long, oblong in shape with 7 to 11 bristle-tipped lobes, sinuses extend 1/3 to 1/2 of the way to midvein, generally very uniform in shape, dull green to blue-green above and paler below. Fruits contain seeds and come from the flowers

OHIO BUCKEYE Ohio Buckeye, the state tree of Ohio, is found primarily as an understory tree in the western half of Ohio, where the soils are more alkaline in pH. However, it is scattered throughout the eastern half of the state, except in extreme northeastern and extreme southeastern Ohio. Its lightweight wood is used in the production of artificial limbs, and the holding of a "buckeye nut" in one's pocket is considered good luck Fruits contain seeds and come from the flowers

RED MAPLE • Leaves simple, opposite, and palmate, with triangular lobes and doubly toothed edges; 2½"-4" long and nearly as wide. • Surface unfolding reddish, gradually turning to green; paler underneath. Veins retain reddish tint all summer. • Leafstalk red • Fall Collor yellow, orange, or scarlet red. Fruits contain seeds and come from the flowers

RIVER BIRCH Although not of great commercial importance, manufacturers sometimes use it for furniture and woodenware. It also is planted for its ornamental value and is very effective in preventing stream bank erosion. Fruits contain seeds and come from the flowers

SASSAFRAS The roots are used for tea and root beer; the leaves for thickening soups (gumbo). Fruits contain seeds and come from the flowers

SUGAR MAPLE is the most abundant of the seven maple species found in New York State, and is common throughout New England, the Lake States, Mid-Atlantic states, and several Canadian provinces. Its historical and economical importance, both in the production of maple syrup and as a timber species, has earned sugar maple its status as the official state tree of New York. The sugar maple leaf on the Canadian flag is evidence of this species' importance in Canada. Fruits contain seeds and come from the flowers

SWEET BIRCH The wood is also unique. When exposed to air it darkens to a color resembling mahogany and, in times past, was used as an inexpensive substitute for the more valued tropical wood Fruits contain seeds and come from the flowers

SYCAMORE Although not the tallest, this probably is the largest in diameter of trees in the eastern United States The native sycamore has a grand branch display and its bark is unique among all trees - you can always identify a sycamore just by looking at the bark. The alternate maple-looking leaves are large and also unique to those familiar with sycamore. Fruits contain seeds and come from the flowers

TULIP POPLAR The tulip poplar (Lirodendroantulipifera) was designated official state tree of Kentucky in 1994. Fruits contain seeds and come from the flowers

VIRGINIA PINE Virginia Pine – Pinusvirginiana – dark green needles are 1 ½” – 3” long in twisted pairs; strong branches enabling it to hold heavy ornaments; strong aromatic pine scent; a popular southern Christmas tree Fruits contain seeds and come from the flowers

WHITE ASH Fruits contain seeds and come from the flowers

WHITE OAK The acorns of the White Oak are prized by wildlife and were used by Native Americans as food. They are the sweetest acorn of the Oaks and deer will eat them before any other acorn. As long as there are White Oak acorns remaining other acorns will remain pretty much untouched Fruits contain seeds and come from the flowers

POISON IVYBEWARE!! A woody vine that may occur as a weed of landscapes, woods, fencerows, pastures, and hay fields. Poison ivy is the major cause of allergenic dermatitis in the eastern United States, which causes inflammation, blistering, and itching of the skin. The plant sap contains a chemical calledurushiol, which is found within ducts in the leaves, flowers, stems, and roots of this weed. When poison ivy plants are bruised or damaged, this chemical is emitted onto the leaf and stem surfaces where humans and animals may come into contact with it. Fruits contain seeds and come from the flowers

POISON SUMAC BEWARE Fruits contain seeds and come from the flowers

POISON OAKBEWARE!! Poison oak has leaves that look like oak leaves, usually with three leaflets but sometimes up to seven leaflets per leaf group. It grows as a vine or a shrub. Poison oak is more common in the western United States, but it is also found in the eastern United States and, rarely, in the Midwest. Fruits contain seeds and come from the flowers

Common Plants to Kentucky • 1. Creeping Flox 13. Elderberry • 2. Marsh Marigold 14. Silky Dogwood; pictured below • 3. Spider Lily 15. Indigo Bush • 4. Meadow Flox 16. Virginia Sweetspire • 5. Purple Milkweed 17. Red Chokeberry • 6. Wild Bergamont 18. Black Chokeberry • 7. Blue Vervain 19. Carolina Buckthorn • 8. Rattlesnake Master 20. Switch Grass • 9. Willow Aster • 10. Swamp Aster • 11. Virginia Wild Rye • 12. River Oats Fruits contain seeds and come from the flowers

CREEPING FLOX In spring, creeping phlox plants produce small flowers in dense clusters. If massed together as a groundcover, creeping phlox plants make a powerful landscaping statement. The colors available are red, white, blue, pink, rose, lavender, purple or variegated Fruits contain seeds and come from the flowers

MARSH MARIGOLD Marsh MarigoldCalthapalustris • Family: Buttercup (Ranunculaceae) • Habitat: swamps, stream edges• Height: 8-24 inches• Flower size: 1 to 1-1/2 inches across• Flower color: yellow• Flowering time: April to June• Origin: native Fruits contain seeds and come from the flowers

SPIDER LILY The leaves of Spider Lily grow in 6 leaf clusters and are present in spring but are gone by the time of flowering in the summer season. The flower stem is about 2 feet high and each stem has several flowers. Fruits contain seeds and come from the flowers

MEADOW FLOX Common name: Meadow Phlox Mauve-pink flower heads on top of sturdy stems with thick, glossy leaves. The stems are somewhat hairy and sometimes have red mottling. Meadow Phlox blooms earlier than Tall Phlox (Phlox paniculata), has darker green leaves and better mildew resistance. Flowers are fragrant and attract butterflies and hummingbirds. Fruits contain seeds and come from the flowers

PURPLE MILKWEED Importance as a caterpillar food source: Like all milkweeds, purple milkweed is a food source for the Monarch caterpillar. Plant for plant, purple milkweed does not produce as much foliage as other milkweeds, such as swamp milkweed, and therefore does not provide as great a food source for caterpillars. Fruits contain seeds and come from the flowers

WILD BERGAMONT The nectar of the flowers attracts long-tongued bees, bee flies, butterflies, skippers, and hummingbird moths. Among the long-tongued bees, are such visitors as bumblebees, Miner bees, Epeoline Cuckoo bees, and large Leaf-Cutting bees Fruits contain seeds and come from the flowers

BLUE VERVAIN The blue vervain or verbena is a creeping perennial of the mint family, bearing numerous, small lilac-blue flowers. The term vervain comes from the Celtic ferfaen, from fer (to drive away) and faen (a stone), referring to the plants historical use in treating kidney stones. Verbena hastata is native to North America and is incredibly similar in appearance and properties to its European cousin Verbena officinalis, whom it is often mistaken for. It grows with wild abandon in the Great Plains section of America, and can be found elsewhere on prairies, in meadows, and open woodlands. The Dakota tribeâ€™s name for it translates as "medicine". It was used by Native Americans for colds, coughs, fevers, and stomach cramps. Fruits contain seeds and come from the flowers

RATTLESNAKE MASTER This unique plant is a botanical enigma. The leaves look like yucca, and the flowers appear to be from an alien planet. It’s actually a member of the Parsley Family. The distinctive, waxy-green foliage lends the plant a bit of an unusual air, and the white "spiky golf ball" flowers that show up in July are truly unique. Makes an excellent specimen, planted individually or in groups of three. Native Americans brewed a tea of the root as an antidote to rattlesnake venom. Does best in medium and dry limy soils, reaching a height of three to five feet. For best results, plant seeds in the fall It doesn't attract rattlesnakes! The name is derived from an old belief that the roots could be used to heal rattlesnake bites. Fruits contain seeds and come from the flowers

WILLOW ASTER This native perennial plant is 2-5' tall, branching occasionally. The larger stems are occasionally reddish, and have lines of white hairs. The alternate leaves are up to 5½" long and ¾" across, becoming smaller and narrower as they ascend up the stems. They are lanceolate, narrowly ovate, or linear, and have smooth margins. Underneath, the leaves are whitish green with a reticulate network of fine veins that is quite conspicuous. The inflorescence is large and pyramidal, containing numerous daisy-like composite flowers from ½–1" across. Each flower has 20-30 lavender or light blue ray florets surrounding numerous yellow disk florets that eventually become reddish purple. The blooming period occurs from early to mid-fall, and lasts about a month. There is no noticeable floral scent. Fruits contain seeds and come from the flowers

MR. BRINKMAN’S POWERPOINT FOR THE TREES AND PLANTS OF KENTUCKY