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CANCER AND BIOTECHNOLOGY

CANCER AND BIOTECHNOLOGY. CHAPTER 19 and Chapter 21. DNA AND BIOTECHNOLOGY. DNA. A MACROMOLECULE THAT CONTAINS THE INFORMATION NEEDED TO BUILD PROTEINS AN ORGANISM’S STRUCTURE IS THE RESULT OF ALL THE DIFFERENT PROTEINS THAT ITS DIFFERENT CELLS MAKE. GENE.

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CANCER AND BIOTECHNOLOGY

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  1. CANCER AND BIOTECHNOLOGY CHAPTER 19 and Chapter 21

  2. DNA AND BIOTECHNOLOGY

  3. DNA • A MACROMOLECULE THAT CONTAINS THE INFORMATION NEEDED TO BUILD PROTEINS • AN ORGANISM’S STRUCTURE IS THE RESULT OF ALL THE DIFFERENT PROTEINS THAT ITS DIFFERENT CELLS MAKE

  4. GENE • A SEGMENT OF DNA THAT CONTAINS THE RECIPE FOR A PROTEIN • A PROTEIN IS A POLYMER MADE OF AMINO ACIDS CONNECTED TOGETHER

  5. CHROMOSOME • A LONG PIECE OF DNA • CAN BE EXTENDED (CHROMATIN) SO IT CAN BE READ • CAN BE COMPACTED (CHROMOSOME) SO IT CAN BE EASILY MOVED AROUND WHEN THE CELL DIVIDES

  6. CHROMOSOMES • CHROMOSOMES ARE RECIPE BOOKS MADE UP OF THOUSANDS OF GENES (RECIPES FOR PROTEINS) • THE SUM OF ALL THE RECIPES IS THE ORGANISM

  7. DNA STRUCTURE • A POLYMER COMPOSED OF UNITS CALLED NUCLEOTIDES NUCLEOTIDE- PHOSPHATE, SUGAR, BASE DNA BASES= A, T, C, G

  8. DNA CONT. • DNA IS A DOUBLE STRANDED HELIX (SPIRAL) • THE 2 STRANDS ARE HELD TOGETHER BY HYDROGEN BONDS BETWEEN COMPLEMENTARY BASES • COMPLEMENTARY BASE PAIRING = A-T AND G-C

  9. REPLICATION • COPYING THE DNA BEFORE CELL DIVISION 1. THE HELIX UNZIPS 2. DNA POLYMERASE INSERTS COMPLEMENTARY NUCLEOTIDES ACROSS FROM THE PARENT STRAND • WE HAVE 2 identical double stranded DNA MOLECULES

  10. RNA • ALSO A POLYMER MADE UP OF NUCLEOTIDES • DIFFERENT SUGAR, SINGLE STRANDED • U INSTEAD OF T, A-U AND G-C • COMPLEMENTARY RNA COPIES ARE MADE BY RNA POLYMERASE

  11. 3 TYPES OF RNA rRNA- WILL BECOME PART OF RIBOSOME mRNA- A DISPOSABLE RNA COPY OF A GENE tRNA- TRANSFERS THE CORRECT AMINO ACID TO THE RIBOSOME WHERE IT WILL BE CONNECTED IN THE CORRECT ORDER TO FORM A PROTEIN

  12. MAKING A PROTEIN • 2 STEPS 1. MAKE AN RNA COPY (mRNA) OF THE GENE FOR THE PROTEIN THE CELL NEEDS= TRANSCRIPTION 2. THE RNA COPY GOES TO THE RIBOSOME WHERE ITS INFORMATION IS USED TO CONNECT THE CORRECT AMINO ACIDS (AA’S) TOGETHER TO MAKE THE PROTEIN= TRANSLATION

  13. DNA CODE • IT TAKES A SET OF 3 BASES (CODON) TO CODE FOR ONE Amino Acid (PROTEIN INGREDIENT) TRANSCRIPTION- MAKES A COMPLEMENTARY RNA COPY OF A GENE- RNA POLYMERASE • TRANSCRIBE 30 BASES= ENOUGH INFO FOR 10 INGREDIENTS (10 AA’S)

  14. TRANSLATION • THE mRNA MOVES TO THE RIBOSOME WHERE IT IS READ AND THE CORRECT PROTEIN IS MADE • THE RIBOSOME ACTS AS THE COUNTERTOP WHERE THE mRNA IS READ AND THE CORRECT INGREDIENTS (AA’S) ARE MIXED (CONNECTED) TOGETHER

  15. tRNA’s are gophers • EACH DIFFERENT tRNA HAS A 3 BASE ANTI-CODON SEQUENCE ON ONE END • THE OTHER END CARRIES A SPECIFIC AMINO ACID • WHEN THIS SEQUENCE IS COMPLEMENTARY TO THE mRNA CODON- THAT tRNA WILL RUSH IN AND DROP OFF ITS AA

  16. AA’S • AS THE CORRECT AMINO ACIDS ARE DROPPED OFF IN THE CORRECT ORDER BY THE tRNA’S (MATCHING THEIR ANTICODONS WITH THE mRNA CODONS) THEY ARE CONNECTED TOGETHER BY PEPTIDE BONDS TO FORM A POLYPEPTIDE= THE PROTEIN

  17. BIOTECHNOLOGY • THE USE OF GENETIC ENGINEERING TO PRODUCE A DESIRED PRODUCT GENETIC ENGINEERING= THE ALTERATION OF THE GENOME OF VIRUSES, BACTERIA AND OTHER CELLS

  18. RESULTS • TODAY GENETICALLY ENGINEERED ORGANISMS MAKE INSULIN, GROWTH HORMONE AND MANY OTHER DRUGS WHICH TREAT CANCER AND CIRCULATORY DISORDERS.

  19. PRODUCING A PROTEIN 1. CUT THE GENE THAT CODES FOR THE DESIRED PROTEIN OUT OF A HUMAN CELL 2. SPLICE THE GENE INTO A VECTOR WHICH TRANSFERS THE GENE TO THE HOST CELL 3. THE HOST CELL WILL TRANSCRIBE AND TRANSLATE THE GENE AND GIVE US THE PROTEIN

  20. FORENSICS • A SEQUENCE OF DNA IS PRECISELY CUT OUT OF A HOST CELL WITH A RESTRICTION ENZYME. IT IS THEN COPIED HUNDREDS OF TIMES. • USE ANOTHER RESTRICTION ENZYME TO CHOP IT UP GEL ELECTROPHORESIS- PROCESS THAT SEPARATES THE CHOPPED UP SEGMENTS BASED ON THEIR SIZES

  21. FORENSICS • IDENTICLE DNA WILL FRAGMENT IN THE SAME LOCATION WHICH WILL PRODUCE THE SAME FRAGMENT PATTERNS ON A GEL • DNA FROM DIFFERENT PEOPLE WILL FRAGMENT AT DIFFERENT PLACES AND THE FRAGMENT PATTERNS WILL BE DIFFERENT

  22. TRANSGENIC ORGANISMS BACTERIA- MAKE CHEMICALS AND DRUGS (MAKE HUMAN INSULIN FOR DIABETICS) PLANTS- RESIST INSECTS, DISEASES AND HERBICIDES, GROW BETTER ANIMALS- BIGGER (PRODUCE GROWTH HORMONE), PRODUCE DRUGS IN THEIR MILK.

  23. GENE THERAPY • GIVES GOOD GENES TO SOMEONE WITH BAD GENES

  24. DNA PROBES • SMALL RADIOACTIVE SINGLE STRANDED DNA SEQUENCES MIXED WITH CHROMOSOME • CAN IDENTIFY THE LOCATION OF GENES ON A CHROMOSOME BY HYBRIDIZING (MATCHING) WITH THEM • USED TO IDENTIFY GENETIC DISEASES

  25. CANCER

  26. CAUSES • CARCINOGEN- THREE TYPES RADIATION- X-RAYS, ULTRAVIOLET= UV (SUN), RADON ORGANIC CHEMICALS- TOBACCO, HIGH FAT DIET, POLLUTANTS, DYES VIRUSES- HEPATITIS B- LIVER CANCER, GENITAL WARTS- CERVICAL CANCER

  27. HEREDITY • CERTAIN TYPES CAN BE INHERITED AS MUTATIONS • BREAST, LUNG AND COLON- IF A FIRST DEGREE RELATIVE HAS IT THEN YOUR RISK INCREASES 2-3x • SOME LESSER KNOWN CANCERS CAN BE INHERITED AS A DOMINANT ALLELE

  28. IMMUNODEFICIENCIES • OUR IMMUNE SYSTEM SOMETIMES RECOGNIZES CANCER CELLS AS “BAD” AND ATTACKS THEM. • IF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM IS WEAK (AIDS OR IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE DRUGS) THE BODY IS LESS LIKELY TO ATTACK CERTAIN CANCERS.

  29. CARCINOGENESIS • THE DEVELOPMENT OF CANCER 1. INITIATION- A MUTATION 2. PROMOTION- CELLS DIVIDE QUICKLY 3. PROGRESSION- CANCER CELLS INVADE BLOOD OR LYMPH VESSELS AND SPREAD TO OTHER PARTS OF THE BODY

  30. CANCER CELLS UNDER THE MICROSCOPE NO DIFFERENTIATION- DISORGANIZED LAYERING, GENERIC ROUND CELLS ABNORMAL NUCLEI- ENLARGED NUCLEUS, EXTRA OR MISSING CHROMOSOMES FORM TUMORS- CELLS KEEP DIVIDING, A MASS OF CELLS IS PRODUCED

  31. TUMORS BENIGN- TUMOR DOES NOT SPREAD, ENCAPSULATED MALIGNANT- TUMOR SHOWS SIGNS OF SPREADING, HAS ITS OWN BLOOD SUPPLY

  32. ANGIOGENESIS • THE FORMATION OF NEW BLOOD VESSELS TO SUPPLY A TUMOR WITH OXYGEN AND NUTRIENTS • CANCER CELLS RELEASE A GROWTH FACTOR WHICH PROMOTES THE GROWTH OF NEW BLOOD VESSELS

  33. METASTASIS • NEW TUMORS GROW IN LOCATIONS AWAY FROM THE PRIMARY TUMOR • CANCER CELLS MUST PRODUCE A PROTEINASE ENZYME THAT EATS THROUGH SURROUNDING TISSUE. • WHEN A BLOOD OR LYMPH VESSEL IS REACHED, CANCER CELLS ARE CARRIED ELSEWHERE WITH THE FLOW OF THESE FLUIDS

  34. PROGNOSIS= LIKELY OUTCOME • DEPENDS ON: 1. IF THE PRIMARY TUMOR HAS INVADED SURROUNDING TISSUE 2. IF LYMPH NODES WERE INVADED 3. IF THERE ARE TUMORS IN OTHER PARTS OF THE BODY

  35. GENETIC BASIS PROTO-ONCOGENES- NORMAL GENES WHICH CODE FOR PROTEINS WHICH REGULATE CELL DIVISION • A MUTATION CAN CHANGE THESE GENES INTO ONCOGENES. ONCOGENES- CAUSE CELL TO DIVIDE REPEATEDLY

  36. OTHER GENES TUMOR SUPPRESSOR GENES- CODE FOR REGULATORY PROTEINS THAT ACT TO SLOW DOWN OR PREVENT UNNECESSARY CELL DIVISION LIKE A BRAKE • IF THESE “BRAKES” ARE DAMAGED, THEN CELL DIVISION MAY GET OUT OF CONTROL

  37. STATISTICAL CHANCES • 1 OF EVERY 3 PEOPLE WILL DEVELOP CANCER AND 1 OF EVERY 4 WILL DIE FROM IT.

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