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PRINCIPLES OF COMPOUNDING

PRINCIPLES OF COMPOUNDING. Terrick Andey College of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences Florida A&M University. February 2013. SOLUTIONS –AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS. Definition: a homogeneous mixture of dissolved solids, liquids, or gases (solute) in a liquid

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PRINCIPLES OF COMPOUNDING

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  1. PRINCIPLES OF COMPOUNDING TerrickAndey College of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences Florida A&M University February 2013

  2. SOLUTIONS –AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS • Definition: a homogeneous mixture of dissolved solids, liquids, or gases (solute) in a liquid • Molecules of the solute are dispersed among molecules of the solvent • Solvent is typically water • Classes: Water, Aromatic Water, Solutions, Douches, Enemas, Nasal solutions, Otic solutions, and Irrigation solutions

  3. SOLUTIONS - Water • Major ingredient is water • Used as vehicle and solvent for flavoring or medicinal agents • Also used for preparing parenterals, irrigations, or inhalations • U.S.P. defines many types of water including: • Purified Water • Water for Injection • Sterile Purified Water • Sterile Water for Injection • Sterile Bacteriostatic Water for Injection • Sterile Water for Inhalation • Sterile Water for Irrigation

  4. However, there are two basic types of water preparation; • Water for Injection and • Purified Water • They differ in the fact that Water for Injection has • stricter bacterial count standards and must also • Pass the bacterial endotoxin test

  5. SOLUTIONS – Aromatic Waters • Also known as Medicated waters • Characterics: clear, saturated aqueous solutions of volatile oils or other aromatic or volatile substances • Their odor and tastes are similar to the volatile substances from which they are prepared • Uses: flavored or perfumed vehicles

  6. SOLUTIONS – Aromatic Waters • Preparation: • Distillation • Solution • Incorporation of volatile oil in talc or pulped filter paper, adding purified water, agitating and filtering • Examples: • Peppermint water U.S.P. • Camphor water N.F. • Dill water • Cinnamon water • Caraway water • Anise water

  7. SOLUTIONS – Aromatic Waters • PEPPERMINT WATER U.S.P. Rx: Peppermint oil 2 ml Talc 15 gm Purified water q.s. ad 1000 ml • Procedure: • Mix thoroughly talc with peppermint oil in a glass mortar • Remove the mixture from the motar to a calibrated Erlenmeyer flask • Add 100 ml purified water and shake periodically for 10 minutes • Filter; return first portion of filtrate (in order to obtain clear products) • Make up to volume with Purified water

  8. SOLUTIONS – Solutions • Definition: a liquid prepn. containing one or more soluble chemical substances dissolved in water • Use for specific therapeutic effect of the solute • Preparation: • Simple solutions: dissolving solute in solvent • E.g.: Calcium hydroxide topical solution (Lime water), Sodium phosphates oral solution, Strong iodine solution

  9. SOLUTIONS – Solutions • STRONG IODINE SOLUTION U.S.P. Rx: Iodine 50 gm Potassium iodide 100 gm Purified water, q.s. ad to 100o ml • Procedure: • Dissolve powdered iodine and potassium iodide in a glass mortar with about 800 ml of purified water • Transfer to a graduated cylinder • Add sufficient purified water to make up to 1000 ml

  10. SOLUTIONS – Douches • Definition: an aqueous solution directed into a cavity or a part of the body • Uses: cleansing agent or antiseptic • E.g.: Eye douche, Pharyngeal douche, Nasal douche, Vaginal douche

  11. SOLUTIONS – Enemas • Definition: Rectal injections used to evacuate the bowel, for systemic absorption, or for local action • Classified as • Evacuation enemas • Retention enemas • E.g.: Enema of Soap BPC 1963 Fleet enema Sulfasalazine rectal enema Barium sulfate enema

  12. SOLUTIONS – Nasal solutions • Definition: Aqueous solutions intended for administration into nasal passages • Dosage my be in the form or drops or sprays • Must be isotonic with nasal secretions, with pH around 5.5-6.5 • E.g.: Ephedrine sulfate U.S.P. Oxytocin nasal solution U.S.P.

  13. SOLUTIONS – Nasal solutions • Ephedrine sulfate Rx: Ephedrine HCl 0.5 gm Chlorobutanol 0.5 gm Sodium chloride 0.5 gm Purified water q.s. 100 ml

  14. SOLUTIONS – Otic solutions • Preparations intended for topical application in the ear • Solvent is typically water or glycerin • E.g.: • Antipyrine and BenzocaineOtic Solution U.S.P. • Neomycin Sulfate Otic Solution • Polymyxin B Sulfate Otic Solution

  15. SOLUTIONS – Irrigation solutions • Solutions used to perfuse or wash surgical wounds, incisions and body tissues • Must be sterile, free of particulate matter and free from pyrogens • Solvent is Water for Injection U.S.P. • E.g.: • Acetic acid irrigation U.S.P. (bladder) • Aminoacetic acid irrigation U.S.P. (urethral surgery) • Sodium chloride irrigation U.S.P.

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