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SAHARA DESERT REGION

Sahara Desert covers most of No. Africa The largest desert in the world. North to South the Sahara is about 1000 miles & is about 3,000 miles (4,800 km) from east to west. Algeria, Libya, Sudan, Niger, Chad, Mauritania, Egypt, Mali, Morocco, Tunisia. SAHARA DESERT REGION.

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SAHARA DESERT REGION

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  1. Sahara Desert covers most of No. Africa The largest desert in the world. North to South the Sahara is about 1000 miles & is about 3,000 miles (4,800 km) from east to west. Algeria, Libya, Sudan, Niger, Chad, Mauritania, Egypt, Mali, Morocco, Tunisia SAHARA DESERT REGION

  2. Ancient Ghana-700s-1200s

  3. Geographically, the old Ghana is 500 miles north of the present Ghana. The Portuguese were the first Europeans to arrive and others came later. Kinship clans Kings promised peace in return for gifts and taxes Religious, judge, and military commanders Both gold and salt were the dominant sources of revenue, exchanged for various products such as textiles, ornaments and cloth, among other materials Ancient & Present Ghana

  4. Ghana (700s-1076) • Soninke • Ghana means “war-chief” • Religious Beliefs • Animism with a mix of Islam • Belief that souls play an important role in daily life

  5. The Downfall of Ancient Ghana • 1076 – Ghanaian capital captured by the Moors • From…? • Iberian Peninsula • Ancient Ghana continued to exist until swallowed up by….

  6. MALI EMPIRE-1235 to 1645

  7. Skilled warrior Used violence to expand & maintain Empire doubled Divided empire into provinces Hajj 1324-1325 devout Muslim gave away 100s of lbs. of gold Europe learns of Mali’s wealth Timbuktu became flagship Ibn Battuta BETWEEN SUNDIATA & MANSA MUSA 7 RULERS IN 50 YEARS = INSTABILITY MANSA MUSA-1312-1335

  8. Sunni Ali (1464-1490?) • Captured Timbuktu (1468) • Strong military leader of Songhay Empire • Divided empire into provinces • Created hierarchy of command • Did not recognize Islam as state religion

  9. Askia Muhammad (1492-1538) • Muslim Rebellion • Overthrew Sunni Ali’s son • Continued Ali’s administrative traditions • 1591 Songhai Empire is invaded by Moroccan army and defeated

  10. Hausa city-states

  11. Walled cities: • Ruled surrounding farming villages

  12. Hausa city-states • Kano and Katsina • Major trading centers because they linked west African nations with Mediterranean Sea • Zazzau • Involved in slave trade • How much blame should Africans take for the slave trade??? • Does their participation justify the U.S.’s use of slaves??? • Constant fighting among city-states prevented Hausa from becoming an empire

  13. Yoruba Kingdoms Spoke common language like Hausa peoples

  14. Yoruba Kingdoms • Yoruba kings • Served as religious and political leaders • Ife and Oyo were two largest Yoruba kingdoms • Yoruba chiefs traced descent from first ruler of Ife • Ife chief most powerful • Secret society checked power • How did Hausa and Yoruba kingdoms compare to the large empires of Ghana, Mali, and Songhai??? • Centralized governments

  15. Benin • Similar to Ife • 1480s-contact with Portuguese • Traded pepper, leopard skins, ivory, and enslaved Africans

  16. Central Africa

  17. Portuguese • Kongo • Port. embedded in political affairs • Kings converted to Christianity • King Afonso I---Mbanza (Kongo of the Bell) • Ndongo • Angola • Heavy in slave trade • Strong resistance • Queen Nzinga

  18. East Africa • Bantu-speaking people • Migrated east and settled in seaport villages • Traded with Arab merchants/settled in area • Arabic+Bantu=Swahili language

  19. Persian traders brought goods from China/India and extended down the Horn of Africa

  20. Kilwa • Wealthy city-state • Ibn Battuta • Impressed with houses of coral and stone • Ate on porcelain • Women wore silk robes, gold, and silver bracelets • Kilwa was last stop for Indian merchant ships • All goods had to funnel through Kilwa • Portuguese stumbled on wealth of Kilwa • Conquered Kilwa to exploit trade for • themselves

  21. Spread of Islam • Increased commerce spread Islam • Rulers, merchants, and government officials mostly Islamic • Majority of people held on to traditional beliefs • Why the difference??? • Muslims participated in slave trade

  22. Shona people settled • land • Farmed • Raised cattle • Controlled trade • 1450: Great Zimbabwe • abandoned

  23. Mutapa Empire • Ruled area of Great Zimbabwe • Portuguese failed in conquering Mutapa but interfered in Mutapa politics • What are some similarities between the kingdoms of east, central, and west Africa???

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