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Technical nuclear chemistry

Technical nuclear chemistry. RNDr. Petr Sajdl,CSc. VŠCHT, bud. B, suterén B12 Tel.: 2 2435 3078 sajdlp @ vscht.cz. Aims and scope of the TNCH. Theoretical part Function of Nuclear Power Plant Chemical regimes Part of radiochemistry Safety of the work

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Technical nuclear chemistry

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  1. Technicalnuclearchemistry RNDr. Petr Sajdl,CSc. VŠCHT, bud. B, suterén B12 Tel.: 2 2435 3078 sajdlp@vscht.cz

  2. Aims and scope of the TNCH • Theoretical part • Function of Nuclear Power Plant • Chemical regimes • Part of radiochemistry • Safety of the work • Appendixes: units, problems of laws, safety standards

  3. History of nuclear energy in France Present situation of N.E. and plans for near future in France End of fuel cycle (repository, reprocessing) in France State supervision and law in France ITER and thermonuclear future Fast breeder reactors – (Superphenix, etc.) Pressure water reactors – units under construction Generation IV – current status History of nuclear energy in Spain Present situation of N.E. and plans for near future in Spain End of fuel cycle (repository, reprocessing) in Spain State supervision and law in Spain Mobile reactors (ships, submarines) Materials for nuclear reactors (pressure vessels, pipelines, monitoring) Nuclear fuels – coatings, enrichment, production Nuclear safety – principles and applications Natural radioactivity, annual dose in different countries, major influences (for example flights in 10000 m) Reserves and mining of uranium and thorium Manufacturers of nuclear units in the world Decommissioning and disposal of nuclear units

  4. Literatura • Beiser A.: Úvod do moderní fyziky, Praha, Academia • Štěrba, Suk, Trka: Atomová a jaderná fyzika, SPN Praha, 1981 • Bečvář : Atomové elekrárny • ETE: předpisy chemických režimů

  5. Historical survay of knowledges and usage of NE (nuclear energy) • Leukipos from Milét aprox. 500 b.C. - 440 b.C. • Greek philosopher, foundation of atomism • Démokritos from Abdér aprox. 460 b.C. - 370 b.C. Greek philosopher, finished Leukipos ideas in the philosophy of atomism, he used term atom /from Greek language "atomos" - non dividable / • Klaprath Martin Heinrich 1.12.1743 - 1.1.1817 German physicist - professor in Berlin discovery of uranium, cerrum, zirkonium, tellur, chromium

  6. History • Faraday Michall 22.9.1791 - 25.8.1867 • English physicist • established terms electrical and magnetic field 1859 Plucker J. - discovery of cathode rays • Maxwell James Clerk 13.11.1831 - 5.11.1879 • Scotish physicist • 1864 - published theory of electricity and magnetism, he forecasted electromagnetic waves propagating with velocity of light • Mendělejev Dmitrij Ivanovič 8.2.1834 - 2.2.1907 • Russian chemist • 1869 periodic table of elements in dependence on atom masses, he forecasted • skandium, germanium, gallium

  7. Historical survey • Hertz Heinrich Rudolf 22.2.1857 - 1.1.1894 • 1888 - verified existence of electromagnetic waves • Hallwachs W.L.F. in 1888 discovered fotoelectric phenomenon • Rontgen Wilhelm Conrad 27.3.1845 - 10.2.1923 • Discovered X ray (1895) • Becquerel Antoine Henry 15.12.1852 - 25.8.1908 • 1896 discovered natural radioactivity - found that some compounds of uranium emit rays, which cause blacken of photosensitive layers • Townsen J. 1897 – measurement of electrical charge of ions • Rutherford Ernst 30.8.1871 - 19.10.1937 • British physicist originally from New Zeeland • 1897 differentiated between particles alfa and beta

  8. History Curie Pierre 15.5.1859 - 19.4.1906 • Curie - Sklodowská, Marie 1.11.1867 - 4.7.1934 • 1898 discovered radium and polonium • Marie Curie Sklodowská established term radioactivity for nuclear emission (rays, radiation) • Rutherford Ernst, • Soddy Frederick, 2.9.1877 - 22.9.1956 • 1902 discovered natural radioactive decomposiotion, work about origin and character of isotopes • Thompson Joseph John 18.12.1856 - 30.8.1940 • British scientist • 1903 electron theory of atom

  9. History • Stoney /stouny/ George Johnstone 15.2.1826 - 5.7.1911 • 1874 – hypothesisaboutelementaryamountofelectricity 1881 – theoryofabsolutevalueofelementaryelectricalcharge - • 1891 - term electron • Einstein Albert 14.3.1879 - 18.4.1955 • Germanscientist • 1905 publishedspecialtheoryof relativity • Millikan Robert Andrews 22.3.1868 - 19.12.1953 • 1909 – measuredthechargeofelectron and mass • Rutherford Ernst, 1909 showed He nucleiiscreatedfrom radium

  10. History • Bohr Niels Henrik David 7.10.1885 - 18.11.1962 • Danishscientist • Theoryof atom • Rutherford Ernst 1919 – 1. artificialnuclearchange • Gramy Louis Harold 1925 princip ofchamber, base of dosimetry • Chadwick James sir, 20.12.1891 - 24.7.1974 • 1932 find neutron, mass • 1935 built in Great Britain 1. cyklotron • Tamm Igor Jevgenjevič 8.7.1895 - 12.4.1971 • studiedmethodsofcontrolofthermonuclearreactions • Ivaněnko D.D. • Heisenberg Werner Karl 5.12.1901 - 1.2.1976 • base ofquantummechanics / Heisenberg principle /relation/ ofuncertainty /1927/

  11. History • Tamm, Ivaněnko, Heisenberg • 1932 – publishedtheoryof atom nucleicomposedfromprotons and neutrons • Joliot-Curie Féderic 19.3.1900 - 14.8.1958 • Joliot-Curie Iréne 12.9.1897 - 17.3.1956 • 1934 discoveryofartificialradioactivity, interactionsof alfa particleswithaluminumatoms • Fermi Enrico 29.9.1901 - 28.11.1954 • 1934 discoveredthenuclearfission by neutrons • 1938 Nobel priceforusageofslowneutronsforpreparationofnewelements • Hahn Otto 18.3.1879 - 28.7.1968 • Strassmann Fritz 22.2.1902 - 22.4.1980 • 1938-9 discoveryof uranium and thorium fission by neutrons • Meitnerová Lise 7.11.1878 - 27.10.1968 • 1939 published /togetherwith R. Frischem/ theoreticalexplanationof uranium nucleifission

  12. History • Joliot Curie Féderic - 1939 - theoreticalyexplainedpossibilityofnuclearchainreaction • Fermi Enrico 2.12.1942 firstnuclearreactor in Chicago, USA • 16.7.1945 desert Alamogordo, firtsinitiatednuclear bomb • 6. a 9.8.1945 Hirošima and Nagasaki, uranium and plutonium bomb • Kurčatov Igor Vasiljevič 12.1.1903 - 7.2.1960 • chief designer ofsovietcyclotrons and nuclearweapons • 1946 – firstreactor in Soviet Union • Sacharov Andrej Dmitrijevič 21.5.1921 - 14.12.1989 • 1950 – proposalforcontrolledthermonuclearreaction

  13. History • Teller Edward 15.1.1908 • Americanphysicist (originallyHungarianfamily) • 1951 – noncontrolledthermonuclearreaction • - atol Eniwetok – „hydrogen bomb“ • 20.12.1951 first elektricity fromnuclei - Nationalreactorlaboratory ARCO, USA • 27.6.1954 firstnuclearpower plant connectedintonet, ObninsknearMoscow, USSR • 1955 firstnuclearpower plant in USA - Pittsburgh • 24.10.1972 firstnuclear unit in ČSSR, Jaslovské Bohunice - A1 • Dukovany – 1986 až 1988 • Temelín - 2001,2002 • 2000 – thebiggestnuclearpower plant overtheworld - Fukushima, Japonsko • 10 reaktorswithpower 8814 MWe

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