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Solar cells

Sun’s energy. Solar cells. First steps; discovery of the PV effect. Becquerel, A. E. "Le spectre solaire et la constitution de la lumière électrique." C. R. l'Acad. Sci . , 1839-1841. "shining light on an electrode submerged in a conductive solution would create an electric current." .

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Solar cells

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  1. Sun’s energy Solar cells

  2. First steps; discovery of the PV effect Becquerel, A. E. "Le spectre solaire et la constitution de la lumière électrique." C. R. l'Acad. Sci., 1839-1841. "shining light on an electrode submerged in a conductive solution would create an electric current." Alexandre Edmond Becquerel 1839

  3. First steps; discovery of the PV effect Following the discoveries of photovoltaic properties of selenium (1873) and selenium-platinum junction (1876) ; Willoughby SMITH, "Effect of Light on Selenium during the passage of an Electric Current",Nature, 20 February 1873, p.303. W. G. Adams and R. E. Day, “The action of light on selenium”, Proc. Roy. Soc. 25 (1876):113-17.

  4. First steps; discovery of the PV effect Following the discoveries of photovoltaic properties of selenium (1873) and selenium-platinum junction (1876) ; In 1883, first solar cell was built by Charles Fritts with 1% efficiency. Very thin gold layer on top of selenium.

  5. Asking “How?” and “Why?” Albert Einstein - On a heuristic viewpoint concerning the production and transformation of light. AnnalenderPhysik 17:132-148, 1905 Proved photoelectric effect. R.A.Millikan, “A Direct Photoelectric Determination of Planck’s ’h’ ”, Physical Review 7, 355–388 (1916).

  6. Searching for “Cold Peace” in space • In the early 1950s researches on solar cells gained speed (RCA labs, AT&T, Bell labs) • First practical device fabricated in Bell labs with a 6% efficiency • On 17th March 1958, the first satellite powered by solar cells, Vanguard I, was launched (Hoffman electronics, 9% efficiency).

  7. Searching for “Cold Peace” in space • In the early 1950s researches on solar cells gained speed (RCA labs, AT&T, Bell labs) • Fierstprtactical device fabricated in Bell labs with a 6% efficiency • On 17th March, the first satellite powered by solar cells, Vanguard I, was launched (Hoffman electronics, 9% efficiency). • Followed by Explorer III, Vanguard II (USA), and Sputnik III (USSR) • 1955 – First sun-powered automobile Illinois • 1963- Sharp Corporation – first photovoltaic module from silicon solar cells • 1970 – USSR – first highly effective GaAsheterostructure solar cells were fabricated by ZhoresAlferov

  8. Companies’ era • In 1980s many companies were established and began a race to increase the output efficiency. • By the introduction of MOCVD the efficiency of GaAs solar cell increased to 17%. • 1989 – ASEC- changing the substrate material led to invention of dual junction cells (20 %). • Using multiple junction solar cells the efficiencies increased to 30 % levels in 2000s.

  9. Record efficiencies (multiple-junction solar cells) Christiana Honsberg and Allen Barnett University of Delaware 42.8 % Dr. Frank Dimroth Fraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy Systems 41.1 % John Geisz National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) 40.8 %

  10. WHAT IS A SOLAR CELL? • Basic loss mechanisms • Reflectance losses • Thermodynamic losses • Recombination losses

  11. Crystalline silicon c-Si Czochralski method

  12. Thin film • Advantageous due to less material usage • Flexibility • Lighter weights • CdTe (easy to deposit, toxicity) • CIS (CuInSe2) and CIGS (CuInxGa(1-x)Se2) • GaAsmultijunction (generally for space) • Light absorbing dyes (DSSC) (Ruthenium metal organic dye ) • Organic/Polymer

  13. Concentrators

  14. Concentrators

  15. Concentrators Wilfred G.J.H.M. van Sark, et. al., Optics Express, 16(26), 21773(2008).

  16. Concentrators • dyes: • 4-(dicyanomethylene)-2-t-butyl-6- (1,1,7,7-tetramethyljulolidyl-9-enyl)-4H -pyran (DCJTB) • platinum tetraphenyltetrabenzoporphyrin • [Pt(TPBP)] • Host material: tris(8- • hydroxyquinoline) aluminum (AlQ3) Science, 321, 11 July 2008.

  17. Concentrators Science, 321, 11 July 2008.

  18. Concentrators Comparison of an organic dye and QD Rowan, et. Al., Adv. Matr. Concepts for Luminescent Solar Concentrators, 14(5), 1312(Oct, 2008).

  19. Concentrators Quantum Dot Solar Concentrators For efficient light concentration QDs and the carrier material should be compatible. It is important to the carrier material have following properties: • Low absorption coefficient • Solubility with QDs • High luminescence when cast with QDs • Chemical durability • Non-toxic • Low cost In addition the quantum dots should; • Efficiently absorb solar energy • Are intensely luminescent in the specral region of PV cell’s maximum sensitivity • Mechanically strong • Chemically stable • Preserve their spectral-luminescent characteristics

  20. Concentrators Quantum Dot Solar Concentrators

  21. Concentrators Quantum Dot Solar Concentrators

  22. Concentrators Quantum Dot Solar Concentrators

  23. Concentrators Quantum Dot Solar Concentrators

  24. Concentrators Quantum Dot Solar Concentrators Result: 77% light retention

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