The French & Indian War (1756 to 1763)

1. The French & Indian War (1756 to 1763) Mr. Leone - 8th Grade US History

2. Learning Targets!!! • I Can . . . • Identify conflicts created by European claims to Native American lands • Explain the events that led up to the French & Indian War • Describe how the attitudes of colonial & Native Americans changed after the French & Indian War

3. North America in 1750

4. Quebec: Capital of New France Montreal: French settlement which started as a fur trading post, became the center of the fur trade Why they came: Most French came on a temporary basis as trappers & traders, learned to live with the native-Americans, inter-married Plan to establish apermanent colony of farming families in the St. Lawrence River Valley, grew to 15,000 by 1700 The French

5. The French vs other Europeans • French • Empire based on TradeSpanish • set-out to Rule & Conquer • English • Transplant Institutions as they push Natives off land French Flag during this period

6. French Fur Trade • Ordinary Frenchmen couldn’t own land in New France, only nobles who brought settlersRiches lay in pelts & hides, not gold or farming! • Depended on American Indian help • Fur Trappers & Traders learned to live like the Indians • French Missionaries treated Native-Americans with respect

7. 1754  Build up to War George Washington Conflict in the Ohio Valley French British • Fort Necessity • George Washington • Fort Duquesne • Delaware • Shawnee Indians • George Washington led a surprise attack against the French • The French countered by attacking Ft. Necessity • Washington retreated to Virginia • Huron Indians sided with the French • The French & Indian war had now begun • Part of a larger conflict - The Seven Years War

8. 1754  Albany Plan of Union • Colonist tried to form their own alliances • Reps from the British colonies & the Iroquois nations met in Albany to discuss an alliance Ben Franklin Proposed that the British colonies band together & send representatives to a Grand Council (which could collect taxes, raise arms & make treaties)

9. Results of the Albany Congress • Colonists were not ready for Union • Colonial assemblies wanted to keep control of local affairs • Colonists: • Not enough power for the colonists! • England: • Too much power for the colonists! Albany Congress Failed Iroquois broke off relations with the British & threatened to trade with France

10. Lasting Importance of Albany • Franklin anticipated many of the problems that the government would face after independenceFinanceDealing with Indian tribesControl of commerceDefenseAlbany contained the seeds of true union • These ideas would be adopted 30 years later!

11. French Advantages • Controlled access to the interior St. Lawrence RiverMississippi RiverSingle colonial government, can act quickly (colonies had 13 separate gov’ts)Sent ships & professional soldiers rather than depend on military help from their colonistsLoyal Indian AlliesHuronAlgonquin

12. British Strengths & Weaknesses • Population much larger than that ofNew FranceLocated along the Atlantic coast • Easier to defendFighting to save their homes & land • BUT . . . • British lose Indian allies after they lose at Fort Necessity • Indians end up siding with the French or they stay out of the fight!

13. 1755  Braddock’s Defeat Gen. Edward Braddock attempts to evict the French from the Ohio Valley & Canada (Newfoundland & Nova Scotia) • Braddock ignored repeated warnings and he & his men were ambushed • Braddock was killed less than 10 mi. from Ft. Duquesne by relatively small French & Indian force • Americans were stunned as British forces suffer various defeats over the next two years

14. British-American Colonial Tensions Methods ofFighting: • Indian-style guerilla tactics • March in formation or bayonet charge MilitaryOrganization: • Col. militias served under own captains • Br. officers wanted to take charge of colonials MilitaryDiscipline: • Didn’t observe military protocols observed • Drills & tough discipline Finances: • Resistance to rising taxes • Colonists should pay for their own defense Demeanor: • Casual, non-professionals • Prima Donna Br. officers with servants & tea settings.

15. William Pitt • Britain’s Secretary of State1757 begins to transform the British war effortUnder total British controlPours $$$ into the war effortColonists forced to provide supplies, equipment, shelter and manpower

16. Back & Forth • 1757 - Montcalm (Fr.) defeats Monro (B.) at Fort William Henry1758 - Montcalm takes Fort Carillon • Brits will take it back in 1759 & rename it Ft. Ticonderoga1758 - Friction between British authorities and colonists threaten the war effort • Pitt relaxes policies:This renewed support & the tide of the war turns in favor of the British!

17. The Tide Turns for England • Pitt focuses on 3 main goals to defeat the French: • Take control of…LouisburgQuebecMontrealNative-American allies abandon the French who are outnumbered, confused, exhausted, outgunned, & low on supplies

18. The Tide Turns for England • 1758 - Louisburg fell to Brits under General Wolfe • 1st significant British victory of the war • Wolfe takes Fort Duquesne in the Ohio Valley • renamed it Fort Pitt (Pittsburgh, PA)1759 - Quebec falls to Brits • 18,000 English vs. 14,000 French • Wolfe & Montcalm both die1760 - Montreal falls to Brits • End of French in Canada • French population remained behind • Treaty of Paris formally ends the French & Indian War

19. 1763  Treaty of Paris France -->lost her Canadian possessions, most of her empire in India & all claims to lands east of the Mississippi River Spain -->got all French lands west of the Mississippi River (New Orleans) but lost Florida to England England -->got all French lands in Canada, exclusive rights to Caribbean slave trade & commercial dominance in India

20. North America in 1763

21. Effects of the War on Britain & America? Britain • It increased Britian’s colonial empire in America • It greatly enlarged England’s debt • England felt that a major reorganization of her American Empire was necessary! America • It united the colonies against a common enemy • It created a socializing experience for all the colonials who participated Both (towards one another) • It created bitter feelings that would only intensify