What kind of boundaries do you see?

1. What kind of boundaries do you see?

2. Function/Purpose • Keeping People IN • Keeping People OUT • Mark limits of jurisdiction – symbol of SOVEREIGNTY • Promotes nationalism

3. Types of Boundaries • Three types of boundaries • Geometric • Physical • Cultural • Best boundaries are those to which all affected states agree, regardless of the rationale used to draw the line • Geometric • Straight-line boundaries that do not related to the cultural or physical features of the territories involved • Ex. North/South Korea 38th parallel • Physical (or natural) • Separate territories according to natural features in the landscape, such as mountains, deserts, or rivers • Ex. France and Spain are divided by the Pyrenees

4. What types of boundaries do you see?

5. Types of Boundaries • Cultural Boundaries • Mark changes in the cultural landscape, such as boundaries that divide territories according to religion or language • Sometimes drawn according to geometric straight lines • Religious • Only a few cases where religion has been used to select the actual boundary line • Example: • South Asia, partition of India and Pakistan • Ireland and North Ireland • Language • Europe best example • Idea spread during 20th century • Versailles Conference

7. Cyprus “Green Line” Boundary • Contains two nationalities • Turkish= north, eastern • 18% of population • Greek= south • 78% of population • Cyprus gained independence in 1960 • Constitution guaranteed Turkish minority rights • Cyprus never peacefully integrated the Greek and Turkish nationalities • Series of Coups led to Turkish section declaring itself independent in 1983 • no one except Turkey recognizes independence • Wall constructed between two areas • Buffer zone patrolled by UN • Accepted to EU in 2004

8. Boundary Evolution • Evolution • Another way to classify boundaries depends not on how they were created, but how they evolved over time • Antecedent boundaries • Existed before humans cultures developed into current forms • Subsequent boundaries • Grow to divide space as result of human interaction • Superimposed boundaries • Forcibly put on the landscape • Relict boundary • No longer functions has a boundary • Boundary Creation • Several steps on the growth of boundaries into final form • Definition • Phase in which the exact location of a boundary is legally described and negotiated • De Jure • De Facto • Delimitation • Is the step when the boundary’s definition is drawn onto a map • Demarcation • Is the visible marking of a boundary on the landscape with a fence, line, sign, wall, or other means • Administration • Is the enforcement by a government or people of the boundary that has been created

10. Boundary disputes • Conflicts over boundaries are divided into different categories • Can include mix of categories • Type of Disputes • Territorial Disputes • Conflict because one state wants to annex a territory whose pop. is ethnically related to them • Definitional disputes • Fight over the language of border agreement in a treaty or contract • Japan and Russia • Locational /Positional disputes • Occur when conflicting parties agree on the definition but not on where the boundary exists on a map • Operational /Functional disputes • Conflicts over the way a boundary should operation or function • Allocational /Resource boundary disputes • Fights over resources that may by divided by the boundary

11. Frontiers • Frontier: • Region where no state exercises complete and political control or boundaries are weakly developed • Antarctica • Saudi Arabia and Yemen • Tangible geographic area whereas a boundary is a infinitely thin, invisible, imaginary line • Frontier provides an area of separation but a boundary brings two neighbors into direct contact • A frontier area is uninhabited or sparsely settled by a few isolated pioneers • 19th Century (1800s) • Vast amounts of frontiers • Australia • American West • Canadian North • Sub-Saharan Africa